A systematic review of non-antibiotic measures for the prevention of urinary tract infections in pregnancy

Table 3 Quality appraisal using CASP checklist for cohort studies

CASP cohort study checklist
	Elzayat et al. 2017 [26]	Baertschi et al. 2003 [29]	Ordzhonikidze et al. 2009 [32]
Did the study address a clearly focused issue?	Yes	Yes	Yes
Was the cohort recruited in an acceptable way?	Yes	Yes	Can’t tell
Was the exposure accurately measured to minimise bias?	Yes	Yes	Can’t tell
Was the outcome accurately measured to minimise bias?	Yes	Yes	Can’t tell
(a) Have the authors identified all important confounding factors?	Yes	Yes	Yes
(b) Have they taken account of the confounding factors in the design and/or analysis?	Yes	Yes	Yes
(a) Was the follow up of subjects complete enough?	Not applicable	Yes	Yes
(b) Was the follow up of subjects long enough?	Not applicable	Yes	Yes
How precise are the results?	Can’t tell (no CI given)	Can’t tell (no CI given)	Can’t tell (no CI given)
Do you believe the results?	Yes	Yes	Yes
Can the results be applied to the local population?	Yes	Yes	No (study population not clearly defined)
Do the results of this study fit with other available evidence?	Yes	Yes	Yes
Does the study have implications for practice?	Yes	Yes	Yes

ISSN: 1471-2393