Table 1 Overall characteristics of cases and controls
BBAs | Controls | OR | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 78 | N = 75 | CI = 95% | ||
Mother’s social status | ||||
Age (years) | ||||
Mean | 27 | 26 | – | 0.25 |
Groups’ n (%) | – | 0.60 | ||
< 18 | 6 (7.7) | 9 (12.0) | ||
18–35 | 66 (84.6) | 59 (78.7) | ||
> 35 | 6 (7.7) | 7(9.3) | ||
Marital status n (%) | 2.2 | 0.0413 | ||
Married | 13 (16.7) | 23 (30.7) | ||
Single | 65 (83.3) | 52 (69.3) | ||
Highest Education n (%) | – | 0.18 | ||
Below tertiary | 71 (91.0) | 62 (83.0) | ||
Tertiary | 7 (8.9) | 12 (16.0) | ||
Employment status n (%) | N = 78 | N = 74 | – | 0.35 |
Unemployed | 61 (78.2) | 53 (71.6) | ||
Employed | 17 (21.8) | 21 (28.4) | ||
aAccess to cell phone n (%) | – | 0.95 | ||
Yes | 74 (94.9) | 71 (94.7) | ||
No | 4 (5.1) | 4 (5.3) | ||
aType of housing n (%) | 5.3 | 0.002 | ||
Formal settlement | 60 (76.9) | 71 (90.7) | ||
Informal settlement | 18 (23.1) | 4 (5.3) | ||
Previous Pregnancies | ||||
Gravidity n (%) | N = 78 | N = 74 | – | < 0.0001 |
Primigravida | 8 (10.2) | 28 (37.8) | ||
Multigravida | 23 (29.5) | 22 (29.7) | ||
Grand multigravida | 47 (60.3) | 24 (32.5) | ||
History of BBAs n (%) | 6.2 | 0.003 | ||
Yes | 16 (20.5) | 3 (4.0) | ||
No | 62 (79.5) | 72 (96.0) | ||
Mortality in previous births n (%) | – | 0.22 | ||
None | 65 (83.3) | 65 (86.7) | ||
Yes | 13 (16.7) | 10 (13.3) | ||
Miscarriage | 5 (6.4) | 2 (2.6) | ||
Still births | 3 (3.9) | 6 (8.1) | ||
Child deaths | 5 (6.4) | 2 (2.6) | ||
Present Pregnancy | ||||
Reaction to index pregnancy n (%) | N = 77 | N = 75 | 3.1 | 0.002 |
Planned | 17 (22.1) | 34 (46.6) | ||
Unplanned | 60 (77.9) | 39 (53.4) | ||
Antenatal Care (ANC) | ||||
aBooking status n (%) | 7.3 | 0.005 | ||
Booked) | 65 (83.3) | 73 (97.3) | ||
Unbooked | 13 (16.7) | 2 (2.7) | ||
Number of visits | ||||
Mean (SD) | 3 (2.3) | 4 (2.2) | – | 0.002 |
Groups’ n (%) | N = 65 | N = 73 | 3.1 | 0.006 |
< 5 times | 60 (92.3) | 58 (79.5) | ||
> 5 times | 5 (7.7) | 15 (20.5) | ||
Gestation at booking (weeks) | N = 65 | N = 73 | – | 0.041 |
Mean (SD) | 23 (8.4) | 20 (6.4) | ||
Comorbidities n (%) | N = 77 | N = 75 | ||
HIV positive | 23 (29.9) | 20 (26.7) | – | 0.66 |
aHypertensive | 5 (6.5) | 2 (2.7) | – | 0.33 |
Duration of labour (minutes) | N = 76 | N = 75 | – | <0.0001 |
Mean (SD) | 241.4 (359) | 556.2 (483) | ||
Mode of transport used n (%) | N = 77 | N = 75 | – | – |
Walked | 0 (0) | 1 (1.3) | ||
Public transport | 3 (3.9) | 5 (6.7) | ||
Private vehicle | 19 (24.7) | 33 (44.0) | ||
Ambulance | 55 (71.4) | 36 (48.0) | ||
Ambulance reaction time (minutes) | N = 36 | N = 6 | – | – |
Median [Range] | 111 [15; 215] | 106 [30; 195] | ||
Place of delivery n (%) | ||||
Home | 73 (93.6) | – | ||
In transit | 5 (6.4) | – | ||
Maternity ward | – | 75 (100) | ||
Adverse maternal outcomes n (%) | – | 0.43 | ||
None | 44 (56.4) | 47 (62.7) | ||
Yes | 34 (43.6) | 28 (37.3) | ||
Haemorrhage due to-: | ||||
Uterine atony | 0 (0) | 1 (1.3) | ||
Retained placenta | 16 (20.5) | 3 (4.0) | ||
Obstetric tears | 18 (23.1) | 24 (32.0) | ||
Neonate | ||||
aBirth outcomes n (%) | N = 77 | N = 75 | – | 0.98 |
Alive | 74 (96.1) | 73 (97.3) | ||
Still born | 2 (2.6) | 2 (2.7) | ||
Died after delivery | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0) | ||
Birth weight (grams) | N = 76 | N = 74 | – | 0.011 |
Mean | 2689 | 2995 | ||
(IQR) | (2300, 3200) | (2795, 3392) | ||
Groups’ n (%) | 2.7 | 0.011 | ||
LBW <2500 | 26 (34.2) | 12 (16.2) | ||
Normal >2500 | 50 (65.8) | 62 (83.8) | ||
Gender n (%) | – | 0.52 | ||
Male | 40 (51.9) | 35 (46.7) | ||
Females | 37 (48.1) | 40 (53.3) | ||
Gestation at delivery (weeks) | N = 71 | N = 72 | 3.4 | 0.003 |
Preterm <36 | 25 (35.2) | 10 (13.9) | ||
Term 36–41 | 46 (64.8) | 62 (86.1) | ||
aPerinatal complications n (%) | N = 69 | N = 73 | 7.7 | <0.0001 |
Yes | 19 (27.5) | 3 (4.1) | ||
No | 54 (72.5) | 66 (95.9) | ||
aIntervention n (%) | – | 0.34 | ||
ICU admission | 5 (6.4) | 1 (1.3) | ||
Nursery admission | 70 (89.7) | 72 (96.0) | ||
Duration of admission (days) | ||||
Mean (SD) | 2.61 (3.31) | 1.44 (1.56) | – | 0.0061 |