From: Associations of intimate partner violence with postnatal health practices in Bihar, India
 | Total | Lifetime experience of intimate partner violence | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | No IPV | Physical IPV only | Sexual IPV only | Physical and Sexual IPV | |||||
Unwtd. N | % (95% CI) | Unwtd. N | % (95% CI) | Unwtd. N | % (95% CI) | Unwtd. N | % (95% CI) | Unwtd. N | % (95% CI) | |
Total | 10,469 | – | 5743 | 54.8% (53.0–56.5) | 3019 | 29.0% (27.5–30.6) | 241 | 2.3% (1.8–2.8) | 1466 | 14.0% (12.8–15.3) |
Outcomes | ||||||||||
 Clean cord care | ||||||||||
  No | 7920 | 75.0% (73.4–76.6) | 4316 | 74.1% (72.0–76.1) | 2303 | 75.1% (72.3–77.7) | 186 | 77.8% (68.7–84.8) | 1115 | 78.0% (74.5–81.1) |
  Yes | 2549 | 25.0% (23.4–26.6) | 1427 | 25.9% (23.9–28.0) | 716 | 24.9% (22.3–27.7) | 55 | 22.2% (15.2–31.3) | 351 | 22.0% (18.9–25.5) |
 Skin-to-skin care | ||||||||||
  No | 6935 | 65.4% (63.0–67.7) | 3944 | 67.8% (64.9–70.5) | 1781 | 57.9% (54.3–61.3) | 154 | 63.0% (52.9–72.1) | 1056 | 71.8% (67.1–76.2) |
  Yes | 3534 | 34.6% (32.3–37.0) | 1799 | 32.2% (29.5–35.1) | 1238 | 42.1% (38.7–45.7) | 87 | 37.0% (27.9–47.1) | 410 | 28.2% (23.8–32.9) |
 Early initiation of breastfeeding | ||||||||||
  No | 5443 | 51.8% (50.0–53.7) | 2900 | 49.3% (47.1–51.5) | 1629 | 54.5% (51.5–57.5) | 139 | 65.4% (56.8–73.1) | 775 | 54.0% (49.4–58.6) |
  Yes | 5026 | 48.2% (46.3–50.0) | 2843 | 50.7% (48.5–52.9) | 1390 | 45.5% (42.5–48.5) | 102 | 34.6% (26.9–43.2) | 691 | 46.0% (41.4–50.6) |
 Delay of first bath | ||||||||||
  No | 4394 | 42.6% (40.7–44.6) | 2414 | 41.7% (39.4–44.1) | 1198 | 40.2% (37.4–43.1) | 105 | 47.7% (38.5–57.1) | 677 | 50.5% (46.1–54.9) |
  Yes | 6075 | 57.4% (55.4–59.3) | 3329 | 58.3% (55.9–60.6) | 1821 | 59.8% (56.9–62.6) | 136 | 52.3% (42.9–61.5) |  | 49.5% (45.1–53.9) |
 Postnatal care within 48 h | ||||||||||
  No | 9105 | 85.9% (84.5–87.1) | 5038 | 86.8% (85.3–88.2) | 2607 | 84.8% (82.3–86.9) | 200 | 82.7% (71.8–90.0) | 1260 | 84.9% (81.2–88.1) |
  Yes | 1364 | 14.1% (12.9–15.5) | 705 | 13.2% (11.8–14.7) | 412 | 15.2% (13.1–17.7) | 41 | 17.3% (10.0–28.2) | 206 | 15.1% (11.9–18.8) |
 Exclusive breastfeeding | ||||||||||
  No | 3400 | 33.0% (31.6–34.4) | 1832 | 31.3% (29.3–33.3) | 1011 | 35.5% (33.1–37.9) | 87 | 37.6% (28.4–47.7) | 470 | 33.8% (30.2–37.6) |
  Yes | 7069 | 67.0% (65.6–68.4) | 3911 | 68.7% (66.7–70.7) | 2008 | 64.5% (62.1–66.9) | 154 | 62.4% (52.3–71.6) | 996 | 66.2% (62.4–69.8) |
 Post-partum contraception | ||||||||||
  No | 8835 | 85.3% (84.0–86.5) | 4894 | 85.9% (84.2–87.4) | 2562 | 86.8% (85.0–88.4) | 202 | 86.7% (80.7–91.1) | 1177 | 79.4% (75.8–82.7) |
  Yes | 1634 | 14.7% (13.5–16.0) | 849 | 14.1% (12.6–15.8) | 457 | 13.2% (11.6–15.0) | 39 | 13.3% ([8.9–19.3) | 289 | 20.6% (17.3–24.2) |
Background characteristics | ||||||||||
 Ananya district | ||||||||||
  No | 7833 | 76.9% (74.0–79.7) | 4250 | 75.6% (72.2–78.7) | 2281 | 78.0% (74.3–81.2) | 194 | 84.5% (76.8–90.0) | 1108 | 78.8% (74.3–82.7) |
  Yes | 2636 | 23.1% (20.3–26.0) | 1493 | 24.4% (21.3–27.8) | 738 | 22.0% (18.8–25.7) | 47 | 15.5% (10.0–23.2) | 358 | 21.2% (17.3–25.7) |
 Age | ||||||||||
  15–19 | 391 | 4.1% (3.5–4.9) | 233 | 4.5% (3.6–5.6) | 98 | 3.8% (2.8–5.3) | 11 | 2.9% (1.1–7.7) | 49 | 3.5% (2.5–5.0) |
  20–24 | 4413 | 42.3% (40.7–44.0) | 2552 | 44.2% (42.1–46.3) | 1176 | 39.3% (36.5–42.2) | 99 | 45.0% (35.4–54.9) | 586 | 40.9% (37.1–44.8) |
  25–29 | 3905 | 35.9% (34.2–37.5) | 2120 | 36.3% (34.1–38.5) | 1137 | 35.3% (32.7–38.0) | 99 | 41.5% (32.6–51.0) | 549 | 34.4% (30.8–38.1) |
  30+ | 1760 | 17.7% (16.4–19.0) | 838 | 15.0% (13.5–16.7) | 608 | 21.5% (19.3–23.9) | 32 | 10.6% (6.5–17.0) | 282 | 21.2% (18.0–24.7) |
 Age at marriage | ||||||||||
   < 18 | 4594 | 45.1% (43.1–47.1) | 2162 | 39.4% (37.2–41.7) | 1587 | 52.6% (49.5–55.7) | 118 | 52.1% (41.7–62.2) | 727 | 50.5% (46.2–54.8) |
  18+ | 5875 | 54.9% (52.9–56.9) | 3581 | 60.6% (58.3–62.8) | 1432 | 47.4% (44.3–50.5) | 123 | 47.9% (37.8–58.3) | 739 | 49.5% (45.2–53.8) |
 Wealth quartile | ||||||||||
  1 (poorest) | 2877 | 28.6% (26.5–30.8) | 1402 | 25.8% (23.5–28.1) | 989 | 34.4% (30.9–37.9) | 62 | 21.8% (15.6–29.7) | 424 | 29.0% (24.8–33.5) |
  2 | 2140 | 21.3% (19.9–22.8) | 1129 | 21.7% (20.0–23.6) | 670 | 21.8% (19.5–24.3) | 38 | 18.0% (12.0–26.1) | 303 | 19.2% (16.3–22.6) |
  3 | 2509 | 24.7% (23.3–26.2) | 1293 | 23.3% (21.5–25.2) | 733 | 24.2% (21.8–26.7) | 72 | 38.0% (28.1–49.0) | 411 | 29.2% (25.5–33.2) |
  4 (wealthiest) | 2943 | 25.4% (23.5–27.3) | 1919 | 29.3% (26.9–31.8) | 627 | 19.7% (17.2–22.4) | 69 | 22.1% (14.7–31.9) | 328 | 22.6% (18.8–26.9) |
 Education | ||||||||||
  None | 5351 | 53.1% (50.9–55.2) | 2569 | 47.6% (45.1–50.1) | 1817 | 62.0% (59.1–64.9) | 112 | 45.8% (36.4–55.5) | 853 | 56.9% (52.4–61.3) |
  Primary | 2705 | 25.9% (24.4–27.4) | 1520 | 26.8% (25.0–28.7) | 740 | 23.3% (21.0–25.8) | 68 | 30.2% (23.4–38.0) | 377 | 26.7% (22.8–31.0) |
  Secondary | 2413 | 21.1% (19.6–22.7) | 1654 | 25.5% (23.5–27.7) | 462 | 14.7% (12.7–16.9) | 61 | 24.0% (17.7–31.8) | 236 | 16.4% (13.3–20.0) |
 Spouse’s education | ||||||||||
  None | 3237 | 32.4% (30.5–34.4) | 1518 | 28.5% (26.4–30.8) | 1132 | 39.5% (36.6–42.5) | 69 | 23.3% (16.8–31.5) | 518 | 34.4% (30.8–38.2) |
  Primary | 3504 | 33.9% (32.5–35.3) | 1877 | 33.0% (31.2–34.9) | 1045 | 35.6% (33.3–38.1) | 74 | 33.3% (24.5–43.4) | 508 | 33.9% (30.6–37.4) |
  Secondary | 3728 | 33.7% (31.7–35.7) | 2348 | 38.5% (36.0–41.0) | 842 | 24.9% (22.1–27.8) | 98 | 43.4% (33.3–54.0) | 440 | 31.7% (27.7–35.9) |
 Caste/religion | ||||||||||
  Neither SC/ST nor Muslim | 5963 | 56.8% (53.7–59.8) | 3507 | 61.1% (57.5–64.6) | 1558 | 51.4% (47.8–55.1) | 149 | 63.3% (52.8–72.7) | 749 | 49.8% (44.3–55.3) |
  SC/ST | 2693 | 26.0% (23.5–28.6) | 1178 | 21.0% (18.5–23.8) | 991 | 33.2% (29.7–36.9) | 53 | 19.0% (12.6–27.7) | 471 | 31.4% (26.7–36.5) |
  Muslim | 1813 | 17.2% (14.6–20.3) | 1058 | 17.8% (14.8–21.3) | 470 | 15.4% (12.5–18.8) | 39 | 17.7% (11.4–26.5) | 246 | 18.8% (14.5–24.1) |
 Gender of focal child | ||||||||||
  Female | 4857 | 46.4% (45.0–47.9) | 2663 | 46.3% (44.5–48.2) | 1439 | 47.6% (44.8–50.4) | 109 | 39.8% (31.4–48.8) | 646 | 45.4% (41.6–49.3) |
  Male | 5612 | 53.6% (52.1–55.0) | 3080 | 53.7% (51.8–55.5) | 1580 | 52.4% (49.6–55.2) | 132 | 60.2% (51.2–68.6) | 820 | 54.6% (50.7–58.4) |
 Parity | ||||||||||
  1 | 3239 | 30.9% (29.5–32.4) | 2036 | 35.0% (33.2–36.8) | 778 | 27.0% (24.6,29.5) | 69 | 29.5% (20.5–40.5) | 356 | 23.4% (20.5–26.7) |
  2 | 2979 | 27.7% (26.4–29.1) | 1663 | 28.2% (26.6–29.8) | 827 | 26.5% (24.1–29.2) | 72 | 32.2% (23.8–42.0) | 417 | 27.8% (24.2–31.6) |
  3+ | 4251 | 41.3% (39.8–42.9) | 2044 | 36.8% (35.0–38.7) | 1414 | 46.5% (43.7–49.3) | 100 | 38.3% (29.9–47.5) | 693 | 48.8% (45.1–52.5) |
  Age of child (months) a | – | 5.0 (4.9–5.1) | – | 4.9 (4.8–5.1) | – | 5.1 (5.0–5.3) | – | 4.9 (4.3–5.6) | – | 5.2 (5.0–5.4) |
 Previous neonatal death or stillbirth | ||||||||||
  No | 9588 | 91.3% (90.4–92.2) | 5336 | 93.0% (91.9–93.9) | 2741 | 89.8% (88.1–91.4) | 216 | 84.6% (76.1–90.5) | 1295 | 89.2% (86.4–91.5) |
  Yes | 881 | 8.7% (7.8–9.6) | 407 | 7.0% (6.1–8.1) | 278 | 10.2% (8.6–11.9) | 25 | 15.4% (9.5–23.9) | 171 | 10.8% (8.5–13.6) |
 4 or more antenatal care visits | ||||||||||
  No | 8400 | 81.2% (79.7–82.5) | 4459 | 78.2% (76.2–80.1) | 2524 | 85.5% (83.7–87.2) | 192 | 80.4% (73.0–86.2) | 1225 | 83.7% (81.0–86.2) |
  Yes | 2069 | 18.8% (17.5–20.3) | 1284 | 21.8% (19.9–23.8) | 495 | 14.5% (12.8–16.3) | 49 | 19.6% (13.8–27.0) | 241 | 16.3% (13.8–19.0) |
 Skilled birth attendance | ||||||||||
  No | 2826 | 28.0% (26.1–30.0) | 1382 | 24.9% (22.8–27.1) | 958 | 32.6% (29.5–36.0) | 65 | 29.3% (21.9–38.1) | 421 | 30.4% (26.6–34.5) |
  Yes | 7643 | 72.0% (70.0–73.9) | 4361 | 75.1% (72.9–77.2) | 2061 | 67.4% (64.0–70.5) | 176 | 70.7% (61.9–78.1) | 1045 | 69.6% (65.5–73.4) |
 2+ CHW visits in final trimester | ||||||||||
  No | 7148 | 67.1% (65.0–69.1) | 4060 | 69.3% (66.6–71.9) | 1969 | 64.4% (61.0–67.7) | 159 | 59.9% (50.3–68.8) | 960 | 65.0% (60.2–69.5) |
  Yes | 3321 | 32.9% (30.9–35.0) | 1683 | 30.7% (28.1–33.4) | 1050 | 35.6% (32.3–39.0) | 82 | 40.1% (31.2–49.7) | 506 | 35.0% (30.5–39.8) |
 Postnatal CHW visit discussing family planning | ||||||||||
  No | 9184 | 87.3% (85.9–88.6) | 5214 | 90.2% (88.6–91.7) | 2556 | 84.3% (81.6–86.6) | 206 | 85.5% (78.7–90.4) | 1208 | 82.4% (78.0–86.0) |
  Yes | 1285 | 12.7% (11.4–14.1) | 529 | 9.8% (8.3–11.4) | 463 | 15.7% (13.4–18.4) | 35 | 14.5% (9.6–21.3) | 258 | 17.6% (14.0–22.0) |