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Table 1 Frequencies of maternal and neonatal care outcomes and background characteristics, overall and stratified by experiences of physical and sexual intimate partner violence (N = 10,469)

From: Associations of intimate partner violence with postnatal health practices in Bihar, India

 

Total

Lifetime experience of intimate partner violence

  

No IPV

Physical IPV only

Sexual IPV only

Physical and Sexual IPV

Unwtd. N

%

(95% CI)

Unwtd. N

%

(95% CI)

Unwtd. N

%

(95% CI)

Unwtd. N

%

(95% CI)

Unwtd. N

%

(95% CI)

Total

10,469

–

5743

54.8%

(53.0–56.5)

3019

29.0%

(27.5–30.6)

241

2.3%

(1.8–2.8)

1466

14.0%

(12.8–15.3)

Outcomes

 Clean cord care

  No

7920

75.0%

(73.4–76.6)

4316

74.1%

(72.0–76.1)

2303

75.1%

(72.3–77.7)

186

77.8%

(68.7–84.8)

1115

78.0%

(74.5–81.1)

  Yes

2549

25.0%

(23.4–26.6)

1427

25.9%

(23.9–28.0)

716

24.9%

(22.3–27.7)

55

22.2%

(15.2–31.3)

351

22.0%

(18.9–25.5)

 Skin-to-skin care

  No

6935

65.4%

(63.0–67.7)

3944

67.8%

(64.9–70.5)

1781

57.9%

(54.3–61.3)

154

63.0%

(52.9–72.1)

1056

71.8%

(67.1–76.2)

  Yes

3534

34.6%

(32.3–37.0)

1799

32.2%

(29.5–35.1)

1238

42.1%

(38.7–45.7)

87

37.0%

(27.9–47.1)

410

28.2%

(23.8–32.9)

 Early initiation of breastfeeding

  No

5443

51.8%

(50.0–53.7)

2900

49.3%

(47.1–51.5)

1629

54.5%

(51.5–57.5)

139

65.4%

(56.8–73.1)

775

54.0%

(49.4–58.6)

  Yes

5026

48.2%

(46.3–50.0)

2843

50.7%

(48.5–52.9)

1390

45.5%

(42.5–48.5)

102

34.6%

(26.9–43.2)

691

46.0%

(41.4–50.6)

 Delay of first bath

  No

4394

42.6%

(40.7–44.6)

2414

41.7%

(39.4–44.1)

1198

40.2%

(37.4–43.1)

105

47.7%

(38.5–57.1)

677

50.5%

(46.1–54.9)

  Yes

6075

57.4%

(55.4–59.3)

3329

58.3%

(55.9–60.6)

1821

59.8%

(56.9–62.6)

136

52.3%

(42.9–61.5)

 

49.5%

(45.1–53.9)

 Postnatal care within 48 h

  No

9105

85.9%

(84.5–87.1)

5038

86.8%

(85.3–88.2)

2607

84.8%

(82.3–86.9)

200

82.7%

(71.8–90.0)

1260

84.9%

(81.2–88.1)

  Yes

1364

14.1%

(12.9–15.5)

705

13.2%

(11.8–14.7)

412

15.2%

(13.1–17.7)

41

17.3%

(10.0–28.2)

206

15.1%

(11.9–18.8)

 Exclusive breastfeeding

  No

3400

33.0%

(31.6–34.4)

1832

31.3%

(29.3–33.3)

1011

35.5%

(33.1–37.9)

87

37.6%

(28.4–47.7)

470

33.8%

(30.2–37.6)

  Yes

7069

67.0%

(65.6–68.4)

3911

68.7%

(66.7–70.7)

2008

64.5%

(62.1–66.9)

154

62.4%

(52.3–71.6)

996

66.2%

(62.4–69.8)

 Post-partum contraception

  No

8835

85.3%

(84.0–86.5)

4894

85.9%

(84.2–87.4)

2562

86.8%

(85.0–88.4)

202

86.7%

(80.7–91.1)

1177

79.4%

(75.8–82.7)

  Yes

1634

14.7%

(13.5–16.0)

849

14.1%

(12.6–15.8)

457

13.2%

(11.6–15.0)

39

13.3%

([8.9–19.3)

289

20.6%

(17.3–24.2)

Background characteristics

 Ananya district

  No

7833

76.9%

(74.0–79.7)

4250

75.6%

(72.2–78.7)

2281

78.0%

(74.3–81.2)

194

84.5%

(76.8–90.0)

1108

78.8%

(74.3–82.7)

  Yes

2636

23.1%

(20.3–26.0)

1493

24.4%

(21.3–27.8)

738

22.0%

(18.8–25.7)

47

15.5%

(10.0–23.2)

358

21.2%

(17.3–25.7)

 Age

  15–19

391

4.1%

(3.5–4.9)

233

4.5%

(3.6–5.6)

98

3.8%

(2.8–5.3)

11

2.9%

(1.1–7.7)

49

3.5%

(2.5–5.0)

  20–24

4413

42.3%

(40.7–44.0)

2552

44.2%

(42.1–46.3)

1176

39.3%

(36.5–42.2)

99

45.0%

(35.4–54.9)

586

40.9%

(37.1–44.8)

  25–29

3905

35.9%

(34.2–37.5)

2120

36.3%

(34.1–38.5)

1137

35.3%

(32.7–38.0)

99

41.5%

(32.6–51.0)

549

34.4%

(30.8–38.1)

  30+

1760

17.7%

(16.4–19.0)

838

15.0%

(13.5–16.7)

608

21.5%

(19.3–23.9)

32

10.6%

(6.5–17.0)

282

21.2%

(18.0–24.7)

 Age at marriage

   < 18

4594

45.1%

(43.1–47.1)

2162

39.4%

(37.2–41.7)

1587

52.6%

(49.5–55.7)

118

52.1%

(41.7–62.2)

727

50.5%

(46.2–54.8)

  18+

5875

54.9%

(52.9–56.9)

3581

60.6%

(58.3–62.8)

1432

47.4%

(44.3–50.5)

123

47.9%

(37.8–58.3)

739

49.5%

(45.2–53.8)

 Wealth quartile

  1 (poorest)

2877

28.6%

(26.5–30.8)

1402

25.8%

(23.5–28.1)

989

34.4%

(30.9–37.9)

62

21.8%

(15.6–29.7)

424

29.0%

(24.8–33.5)

  2

2140

21.3%

(19.9–22.8)

1129

21.7%

(20.0–23.6)

670

21.8%

(19.5–24.3)

38

18.0%

(12.0–26.1)

303

19.2%

(16.3–22.6)

  3

2509

24.7%

(23.3–26.2)

1293

23.3%

(21.5–25.2)

733

24.2%

(21.8–26.7)

72

38.0%

(28.1–49.0)

411

29.2%

(25.5–33.2)

  4 (wealthiest)

2943

25.4%

(23.5–27.3)

1919

29.3%

(26.9–31.8)

627

19.7%

(17.2–22.4)

69

22.1%

(14.7–31.9)

328

22.6%

(18.8–26.9)

 Education

  None

5351

53.1%

(50.9–55.2)

2569

47.6%

(45.1–50.1)

1817

62.0%

(59.1–64.9)

112

45.8%

(36.4–55.5)

853

56.9%

(52.4–61.3)

  Primary

2705

25.9%

(24.4–27.4)

1520

26.8%

(25.0–28.7)

740

23.3%

(21.0–25.8)

68

30.2%

(23.4–38.0)

377

26.7%

(22.8–31.0)

  Secondary

2413

21.1%

(19.6–22.7)

1654

25.5%

(23.5–27.7)

462

14.7%

(12.7–16.9)

61

24.0%

(17.7–31.8)

236

16.4%

(13.3–20.0)

 Spouse’s education

  None

3237

32.4%

(30.5–34.4)

1518

28.5%

(26.4–30.8)

1132

39.5%

(36.6–42.5)

69

23.3%

(16.8–31.5)

518

34.4%

(30.8–38.2)

  Primary

3504

33.9%

(32.5–35.3)

1877

33.0%

(31.2–34.9)

1045

35.6%

(33.3–38.1)

74

33.3%

(24.5–43.4)

508

33.9%

(30.6–37.4)

  Secondary

3728

33.7%

(31.7–35.7)

2348

38.5%

(36.0–41.0)

842

24.9%

(22.1–27.8)

98

43.4%

(33.3–54.0)

440

31.7%

(27.7–35.9)

 Caste/religion

  Neither SC/ST nor Muslim

5963

56.8%

(53.7–59.8)

3507

61.1%

(57.5–64.6)

1558

51.4%

(47.8–55.1)

149

63.3%

(52.8–72.7)

749

49.8%

(44.3–55.3)

  SC/ST

2693

26.0%

(23.5–28.6)

1178

21.0%

(18.5–23.8)

991

33.2%

(29.7–36.9)

53

19.0%

(12.6–27.7)

471

31.4%

(26.7–36.5)

  Muslim

1813

17.2%

(14.6–20.3)

1058

17.8%

(14.8–21.3)

470

15.4%

(12.5–18.8)

39

17.7%

(11.4–26.5)

246

18.8%

(14.5–24.1)

 Gender of focal child

  Female

4857

46.4%

(45.0–47.9)

2663

46.3%

(44.5–48.2)

1439

47.6%

(44.8–50.4)

109

39.8%

(31.4–48.8)

646

45.4%

(41.6–49.3)

  Male

5612

53.6%

(52.1–55.0)

3080

53.7%

(51.8–55.5)

1580

52.4%

(49.6–55.2)

132

60.2%

(51.2–68.6)

820

54.6%

(50.7–58.4)

 Parity

  1

3239

30.9%

(29.5–32.4)

2036

35.0%

(33.2–36.8)

778

27.0%

(24.6,29.5)

69

29.5%

(20.5–40.5)

356

23.4%

(20.5–26.7)

  2

2979

27.7%

(26.4–29.1)

1663

28.2%

(26.6–29.8)

827

26.5%

(24.1–29.2)

72

32.2%

(23.8–42.0)

417

27.8%

(24.2–31.6)

  3+

4251

41.3%

(39.8–42.9)

2044

36.8%

(35.0–38.7)

1414

46.5%

(43.7–49.3)

100

38.3%

(29.9–47.5)

693

48.8%

(45.1–52.5)

  Age of child (months) a

–

5.0

(4.9–5.1)

–

4.9

(4.8–5.1)

–

5.1

(5.0–5.3)

–

4.9

(4.3–5.6)

–

5.2

(5.0–5.4)

 Previous neonatal death or stillbirth

  No

9588

91.3%

(90.4–92.2)

5336

93.0%

(91.9–93.9)

2741

89.8%

(88.1–91.4)

216

84.6%

(76.1–90.5)

1295

89.2%

(86.4–91.5)

  Yes

881

8.7%

(7.8–9.6)

407

7.0%

(6.1–8.1)

278

10.2%

(8.6–11.9)

25

15.4%

(9.5–23.9)

171

10.8%

(8.5–13.6)

 4 or more antenatal care visits

  No

8400

81.2%

(79.7–82.5)

4459

78.2%

(76.2–80.1)

2524

85.5%

(83.7–87.2)

192

80.4%

(73.0–86.2)

1225

83.7%

(81.0–86.2)

  Yes

2069

18.8%

(17.5–20.3)

1284

21.8%

(19.9–23.8)

495

14.5%

(12.8–16.3)

49

19.6%

(13.8–27.0)

241

16.3%

(13.8–19.0)

 Skilled birth attendance

  No

2826

28.0%

(26.1–30.0)

1382

24.9%

(22.8–27.1)

958

32.6%

(29.5–36.0)

65

29.3%

(21.9–38.1)

421

30.4%

(26.6–34.5)

  Yes

7643

72.0%

(70.0–73.9)

4361

75.1%

(72.9–77.2)

2061

67.4%

(64.0–70.5)

176

70.7%

(61.9–78.1)

1045

69.6%

(65.5–73.4)

 2+ CHW visits in final trimester

  No

7148

67.1%

(65.0–69.1)

4060

69.3%

(66.6–71.9)

1969

64.4%

(61.0–67.7)

159

59.9%

(50.3–68.8)

960

65.0%

(60.2–69.5)

  Yes

3321

32.9%

(30.9–35.0)

1683

30.7%

(28.1–33.4)

1050

35.6%

(32.3–39.0)

82

40.1%

(31.2–49.7)

506

35.0%

(30.5–39.8)

 Postnatal CHW visit discussing family planning

  No

9184

87.3%

(85.9–88.6)

5214

90.2%

(88.6–91.7)

2556

84.3%

(81.6–86.6)

206

85.5%

(78.7–90.4)

1208

82.4%

(78.0–86.0)

  Yes

1285

12.7%

(11.4–14.1)

529

9.8%

(8.3–11.4)

463

15.7%

(13.4–18.4)

35

14.5%

(9.6–21.3)

258

17.6%

(14.0–22.0)

  1. aMean (95% confidence interval)