Table 2 Articles reporting on empowerment and perinatal depression
Reference ID/Study authors | Study design | Sample | Measure of empowerment/intervention | Measure of depressive symptoms | Major findings | Quality rating/scorea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
INTERVENTION STUDIES | ||||||
[18] Liu et al. (2010) | Quasi-experimental | 70 parents of preterm newborns in Taiwan, 15 fathers, 55 mothers, M age = Intervention: 33.0 years, Control: 32.5 years | Parent-to-parent and parent-to-healthcare provider dialogue PP: 12 sessions over 8 months | BDI-II PP: pre- and post-intervention | Participating in dialogue w/lower post-intervention PPD symptoms, greater pre to post reduction in PPD symptoms, and greater childrearing self-efficacy | Fair (6) |
[22] Pridham et al. (2005) | Randomized controlled trial | 42 US mother-premature infant pairs, 28 weeks post-conception, M age = GP: 25.5 years, Control: 26.17 years; predominantly European American and African American | GP – program to increase feeding competencies PP: weekly, biweekly, or monthly in first year | CES-D PP: 1, 4, 8, 12 months | No difference in PD symptoms; GP w/better ability to regulate infant negative affect and feeding behaviors | Good (9) |
[12] Monthshki et al. (2013) | Randomized controlled trial | 230 women in Iran; 28–30 weeks’ GA, M age = Intervention: 28.0 years, Control: 27.8 years | Multidimensional Health Locus of Control PREG: 28–30 weeks’ GA PP: 4 weeks | EPDS PP: 4 weeks PP | Intervention w/increased internal health locus of control and lower PPD symptoms | Fair (7) |
[23] Muzik et al. (2015) | Prospective cohort study | 80 US mother-child pairs M age = 23.7 years; Ethn: Caucasian 48.4%, African-American 44.1%, Biracial/Hispanic 7.5% | MP – parenting and self-care skills group program for high-risk mothers and their children PP: 13-weeks/sessions | PDSS PP: pre- and post-intervention | MP w/reduction in depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and caregiving helplessness | Good (12) |
[24] Ickovics et al. (2011) | Randomized controlled trial | 1047 US pregnant women, ages 14–25 (M = 20.4) years, 18 weeks’ GA; Ethn: 80% African-American, 13% Latina, 6% White, 1% Other; Note: Sample identical to [34], in Table 3 | CP, CP+ group w/additional HIV prevention information in last 3 sessions PREG and PP | CES-D PREG: 2nd and 3rd trimester PP: 6, 12 months | Initial high stress and CP+ group w/less PPD symptoms 1 year PP | Good (11) |
[25] Kennedy et al. (2011) | Randomized controlled trial | 322 US pregnant women in the military, 12–16 weeks’ GA; M age = Control 25.5 years, CP: 24.0 years; Predominantly White, African American or Latina | CP PREG: 9 group sessions PP: one session | CES-D; PDSS (PP only) PREG: baseline, 32–36 weeks’ GA PP: 3–4 months | No differences in PD and PPD symptoms w/CP | Good (10) |
[26] Melnyk et al. (2001) | Randomized controlled trial | 42 US mothers of premature infants, M age = COPE 26.6 years, Control, 28.8 years; Predominantly White or African American | COPE PP: 2–4 days after admission, 2–4 days thereafter, 1–2 days in NICU, 1–4 days before discharge, 7 days after discharge, 3 and 6 months | POMS PP: at all phases and follow-up | COPE w/less depressive symptoms after admission and before discharge, and w/higher infant cognitive development scores; No difference in mother’s overall mood state | Good (11) |
[27] Melnyk et al. (2006) | Randomized controlled trial | 260 US families; 258 mothers (M age = 27.8 years) and 154 fathers with infant born at 26–34 weeks’ GA; Predominantly White or Black | COPE PP: 2–4 days after admission 2–4 days thereafter, 1–2 days in NICU, 1–4 days before discharge, 7 days thereafter | BDI-II PP: at all times except NICU | COPE w/lower post-hospital parental stress and depressive symptoms | Good (13) |
[28] Melnyk et al. (2008) | Randomized controlled trial | 246 US mothers of LBW preterm infants, M age = 27.9 years, born at 26–34 (M = 31.4) weeks’ GA; Predominantly White or Black Note: Sample a subset of [27] | COPE PP: 2–4 days after admission, 2–4 days thereafter, 1–2 days in NICU, 1–4 days before discharge, 7 days thereafter | BDI-II PP: 2–4 days after NICU admission, 2–4 days thereafter, and 2 months post-intervention | COPE w/decreased post-hospital depression and anxiety symptoms | Good (13) |
[29] Robertson et al. (2009) | Quasi-experimental | 49 Hispanic women, 24–26 weeks’ GA, M age = Control: 26.5 years, CP: 24.6 years | CP PREG: throughout pregnancy | CES-D PP: not specified | No difference in PD symptoms w/CP | Fair (5) |
OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES | ||||||
[14] O’Mahony et al. (2013) | Qualitative | 30 non-European immigrant and refugee women < 18 years old, living in Canada < 10 years, high risk for PPD | Relationship dominance and control, at time of interview PP: weeks not specified | EPDS PREG and PP: within past 5 years and again at time of interview | Emotional and economic relationship dominance by partner w/greater self-reported PPD vulnerability and symptoms | Fair (6) |
[16] Richardson et al. (2012) | Cross-sectional | 126 US rural pregnant women, 18–50 years, mostly Caucasian | Levenson Scale on Locus of Control PREG: 20–28 weeks’ GA | EPDS PREG: 20–28 weeks’ GA | Higher external locus of control w/higher PD scores; Internal locus of control w/lower PD | Fair (6) |
[20] Gibson et al. (2015) | Cross- Sectional | 182 US pregnant and PP women, M age = 18.8 years; Ethn: 43% Hispanic, 38% African American, 15% White, 4% Other | Intimate partner violence w/CTS, Partner power w/Decision-Making Dominance Subscale of the SRPS PREG: 2nd or 3rd trimester PP: 6 months | CES-D PP: 6 months | PPD symptoms w/higher partner power and intimate partner violence | Good (9) |
[30] Ali et al. (2009) | Longitudinal | 420 Pakistani pregnant women, M age = 26.1 years, 27.1% local, 72.9% immigrants | Unplanned pregnancy and domestic violence questionnaires PP: within 10 weeks pp | Aga Khan University Anxiety and Depression Scale, DSM IV PP: consent, 1, 2, 6, 12 months | Domestic violence and unplanned pregnancy w/higher PPD risk | Good (11) |
[31] Rahman et al. (2012) | Longitudinal | 791 rural Pakistani women, M age = 26.8 years | Empowered to manage household finances: yes/no PREG: 3rd trimester PP: 6 months | SCID, HRSD PREG: 3rd trimester PP: 6 months, 1 year | Household debt and lack of empowerment to manage household finances w/PD and PPD | Good (11) |
[32] Chien et al. (2012) | Cross-sectional | 380 immigrant women (M age = 27.06) from China and Vietnam, and native women (M age = 31.7) in Taiwan | Domestic decision-making power scale PP: 1–12 months | EPDS PP: 1–12 months | Low domestic decision-making power, family income, low social support and immigrant status w/higher PPD symptoms | Good (8) |