Table 4 Negative binomial, OLS, and logistic multilevel regression models of married women’s empowerment in 2012; 2006 and 2012 Egyptian Labor Market Panel Survey (N = 4660)
From: First birth and the trajectory of women’s empowerment in Egypt
2012 individual decision-making | 2012 joint decision-making | 2012 mobility | 2012 financial autonomy | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Negative binomial | OLS | Logistic | ||||||
Key variables | IRR | (SE) | IRR | (SE) | β | (SE) | OR | (SE) |
Births 2006 (Ref = 1 birth) | ||||||||
0 | 0.74*** | (0.05) | 0.90* | (0.06) | –0.13** | (0.05) | 1.12 | (0.15) |
2 | 1.30*** | (0.07) | 1.23*** | (0.07) | 0.08* | (0.04) | 1.20 | (0.13) |
3 | 1.49*** | (0.09) | 1.41*** | (0.09) | 0.09* | (0.04) | 1.18 | (0.15) |
4+ | 1.64*** | (0.12) | 1.48*** | (0.10) | 0.18*** | (0.05) | 1.23 | (0.18) |
Respondent household decision-making 2006 | 1.06*** | (0.01) | 1.01 | (0.01) | 0.03*** | (0.01) | 1.06** | (0.02) |
Joint household decision-making 2006 | 1.04*** | (0.01) | 1.01 | (0.01) | 0.01 | (0.01) | 1.06*** | (0.02) |
Mobility 2006 | 1.19*** | (0.04) | 1.00 | (0.03) | 0.10*** | (0.02) | 1.33*** | (0.09) |
Financial autonomy 2006 | 1.10* | (0.04) | 1.02 | (0.04) | –0.03 | (0.03) | 1.18* | (0.09) |
Age (years) | 0.93*** | (0.00) | 0.94*** | (0.00) | –0.02*** | (0.00) | 1.00 | (0.01) |
Years of education | 1.02*** | (0.00) | 1.02*** | (0.00) | 0.01* | (0.00) | 1.03** | (0.01) |
Less than 18 years old at marriage | 0.87** | (0.04) | 0.85*** | (0.04) | –0.10** | (0.03) | 0.94 | (0.09) |
Dowry (Ref = none) | ||||||||
No response | 0.92 | (0.05) | 0.99 | (0.05) | 0.04 | (0.04) | 1.01 | (0.11) |
Some | 0.92 | (0.04) | 1.05 | (0.05) | –0.01 | (0.03) | 1.10 | (0.10) |
Related to husband | 1.00 | (0.04) | 0.98 | (0.04) | –0.04 | (0.03) | 0.91 | (0.07) |
Ever worked | 1.08 | (0.04) | 1.09* | (0.04) | 0.11*** | (0.03) | 1.59*** | (0.14) |
Region (Ref = Greater Cairo) | ||||||||
Alexandria and Suez Canal | 0.90 | (0.09) | 1.06 | (0.10) | –0.31*** | (0.08) | 0.70 | (0.16) |
Urban Lower | 0.79* | (0.07) | 1.17 | (0.10) | –0.09 | (0.07) | 0.69 | (0.15) |
Urban Upper | 0.61*** | (0.06) | 1.16 | (0.10) | –0.22** | (0.07) | 0.29*** | (0.06) |
Rural Lower | 0.75*** | (0.06) | 1.22* | (0.09) | –0.06 | (0.06) | 0.49*** | (0.09) |
Rural Upper | 0.62*** | (0.06) | 0.94 | (0.08) | –0.25*** | (0.07) | 0.33*** | (0.07) |
Household Wealth Index (Ref = poorest) | ||||||||
Poorer | 0.91 | (0.05) | 0.96 | (0.05) | –0.11** | (0.04) | 0.88 | (0.10) |
Middle | 0.91 | (0.06) | 0.94 | (0.06) | –0.06 | (0.04) | 0.90 | (0.11) |
Richer | 0.87* | (0.06) | 1.00 | (0.07) | –0.13** | (0.05) | 0.68** | (0.09) |
Richest | 0.85* | (0.07) | 0.93 | (0.07) | –0.13* | (0.05) | 0.71* | (0.11) |
Husband’s age (years) | 1.01* | (0.00) | 0.99* | (0.00) | 0.00 | (0.00) | 1.01 | (0.01) |
Husband’s years of education | 0.99* | (0.00) | 1.01* | (0.00) | –0.01* | (0.00) | 0.99 | (0.01) |
Variance at level 1 (individual level) | 0.57 | (0.01) | ||||||
Variance at level 2 (PSU level) | 0.42 | (0.08) | 0.55 | (0.09) | 0.06 | (0.02) | 0.02 | (0.01) |