Table 1 Gender indices, components, and use in this study
Gender index | Abbreviation | Years data available | Source | Main components | Scale | Countries in 2012 | Used in this study |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender Empowerment Measure | GEM | 1995–2009 | UNDP | 1) portion of seats held by women in national parliaments; 2) percentage of women in economic decision-making positions; 3) female share of income | 0–1, equality =1 | – | |
Gender-related Development Index | GDI | 1995–2009 | UNDP | 1) life expectancy; 2) educational attainment; 3) adjusted real income – after taking note of inequalities between women and men | 0–1, equality = 1 | – | |
The Global Gender Gap Index | GGI | 2006–present | World Economic Forum | 1) economic participation and opportunity; 2) educational attainment; 3) political empowerment; 4) health and survival | 0–1, equality = 1 | 135 | √ |
Gender Equity Index | GEI | 2007, 2008, 2009, 2012 | Social Watch | 1) education; 2) economy; 3) political empowerment | 0–100, equality = 100 | 168 | √ |
Social Institutions and Gender Index | SIGI | 2009, 2012, 2014 | OECD | 1) discriminatory family code; 2) restricted physical integrity; 3) son bias; 4) restricted resources and entitlement; 5) restricted civil liberties | 0–1, equality = 0 | 88 | √ |
Gender Inequality Indexa | GII | 2010, 2011, 2014 | UNDP | 1) reproductive health; 2) empowerment (political and higher education); 3) labor market participation | 0–1, equality = 0 | 148 |