Table 4 ANOVA Comparisons and Effect Sizes for National Group, Age Group and Sex, and whole sample Pearson Correlations for Parenting Variables

1

Parenting attitudes

Scot > Nordic > USA

F = 13.32***

(η² = .03)

1 > 3 > 2

F = 2.10

(η² = .004)

F > M

F = 6.94**

(η² = .007)

2

Shared parenting

USA > Scot > Nordic

F = 11.15***

(η² = .02)

2 > 3 > 1

F = .40

(η² = .001)

F > M

F = .33

(η² = .0001)

3

Parental independence

Nordic > Scot > USA

F = 75.41***

(η² = .13)

2 > 3 > 1

F = .01

(η² = .0001)

M > F

F = .02

(η² = .0001)

4

Gender roles

Nordic > Scot > USA

F = 2.76

(η² = .005)

1 > 2 > 3

F = 4.10*

(η² = .008)

F > M

F = 4.33*

(η² = .004)

5

Parenting confidence

Nordic > Scot > USA

F = 2.64

(η² = .005)

1 > 3 > 2

F = .21

(η² = .001)

M > F

F = .99

(η² = .001)