Table 4 Maternal risk factors associated with singleton newborn outcomes (October 1, 2009 and March 15, 2010)
Maternal risk factor | Bivariate Analysis Odds Ratios [95% CI] | p-value | Reduced Logistic Model Adjusted Odds Ratios [95% CI] | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Low Birthweight (n = 357) | ||||
Young maternal age (<20 years) | 1.83 [1.03, 3.25] | 0.04 | ||
Primagravida | 1.78 [1.52, 2.74] | 0.01 | ||
Rural residence | 1.81 [0.99, 3.29] | 0.05 | ||
Referred from another facility | 0.47 [0.24, 1.90] | 0.02 | 0.28 [0.11, 0.69] | 0.01 |
Antepartum hemorrhage | 2.57 [1.09, 6.08] | 0.03 | ||
Eclampsia | 1.68 [0.92, 3.07] | 0.09 | ||
Near miss | 2.08 [1.08, 3.98] | 0.03 | ||
Time to reach nearest hospital >1 h | 1.88 [0.88, 4.02] | 0.10 | ||
Prenatal care visits (<4 visits) | 2.66 [1.06, 6.70] | 0.04 | ||
Very Low Birthweight (n = 388) | ||||
Young maternal age (<20 years) | 3.72 [1.47, 9.44] | <0.01 | 6.39 [1.82, 22.35] | <0.01 |
Referral from another facility | 0.22 [0.08, 0.58] | <0.01 | 0.18 [0.04, 0.75] | 0.02 |
Mother presented with complication | 0.33 [0.13, 0.87] | 0.03 | ||
Antepartum hemorrhage | 4.15 [1.15, 15.04] | 0.03 | ||
Prenatal care visits (<4 visits) | 3.27 [0.67, 15.98] | 0.14 | ||
Asphyxia (n = 357) | ||||
Primagravida | 1.42 [0.93, 2.17] | 0.11 | ||
Insurance for the poor | 1.54 [0.99, 2.34] | 0.05 | ||
Rural residence | 4.36 [1.98, 9.63] | <0.001 | 5.37 [1.98, 18.16] | <0.01 |
Near miss after admission | 2.14 [0.88, 5.27] | 0.10 | ||
Malpresentation | 3.47 [2.00, 6.03] | <0.001 | 4.65 [2.23, 9.70] | <0.001 |
Low education | 2.10 [0.96, 4.58] | 0.06 | ||
Multiple referrals | 0.57 [0.30, 1.08] | 0.09 | ||
Prenatal care visits (<4 visits) | 1.98 [0.79, 4.90] | 0.14 | ||
Stillbirth (n = 699) | ||||
Referral from another facility | 0.40 [0.18, 0.86] | 0.019 | 0.41 (0.18, 0.95] | 0.37 |
Postpartum hemorrhage | 3.33 [1.38, 8.01] | 0.007 | ||
PROM | 0.23 [0.08, 0.65] | 0.006 | 0.27 [0.09, 0.76] | 0.014 |
Malpresentation | 3.78 [1.96, 7.29] | <0.001 | 4.27 [2.11, 8.62] | <0.001 |
Dystocia | 0.38 [0.16, 0.91] | 0.029 | ||
Caesarean Section | 0.30 [0.14, 0.62] | 0.001 | 0.28 [0.13, 0.60] | 0.001 |
Near miss on admission | 3.77 [1.35, 10.59] | 0.012 | ||
Near miss at any time | 2.48 [1.14, 5.39] | 0.021 | 3.54 [1.53, 8.21] | 0.003 |
Neonatal deaths (n = 375) | ||||
Young maternal age (<20 years) | 2.90 [1.30, 6.48] | <0.01 | 4.10 [1.29, 13.02] | 0.02 |
Advanced maternal age | 0.26 [0.06, 1.12] | 0.07 | ||
Primagravida | 2.06 [1.00, 4.24] | 0.05 | ||
Referral from another facility | 0.31 [0.13, 0.75] | 0.01 | 0.20 [0.05, 0.81] | 0.02 |
Antepartum hemorrhage | 2.5 [0.71, 8.76] | 0.15 | ||
Postpartum hemorrhage | 2.9 [0.96, 8.85] | 0.06 | 4.11 [1.03, 16.39] | 0.05 |
Near miss on admission | 2.58 [1.07, 6.22] | 0.03 | 11.67 [2.08, 65.65] | <0.01 |
Caesarean Section | 0.53 [0.25, 1.13] | 0.10 | ||
Near miss at any time | 5.42 [2.44, 12.04] | <0.001 | 7.5 [2.24, 25.08] | <0.01 |
Belonging to the two poorest income quintiles | 0.36 [0.10, 1.30] | 0.12 | ||
Time to reach nearest hospital >1 h | 0.76 [0.17, 1.31] | 0.15 | ||
Perinatal deaths (n = 348) | ||||
Young maternal age 9 < 20 years) | 1.99 [1.09, 3.61] | 0.02 | ||
Referral from another facility | 0.33 [0.18, 0.61] | <0.001 | ||
Time of delivery (at night) | 0.68 [0.41, 1.11] | 0.12 | ||
Antepartum hemorrhage | 2.19 [0.92, 5.15] | 0.08 | ||
Postpartum hemorrhage | 2.70 [1.32, 5.52] | <0.01 | 3.96 [1.41, 11.15] | <0.01 |
Malpresentation | 2.59 [1.47, 4.57] | <0.01 | 3.89 [1.42, 10.64] | <0.01 |
Near miss on admission | 5.27 [2.42, 11.47] | <0.001 | 13.08 [3.77, 45.37] | <0.001 |
Near miss at any time | 3.24 [1.81, 5.77] | <0.001 | 6.00 [2.32, 15.50] | <0.001 |
Mother presented with complication | 0.41 [0.23, 0.71] | <0.01 | 0.30 [0.11, 0.81] | 0.02 |
Caesarean Section | 0.37 [0.22, 0.64] | <0.001 | ||
Prenatal care visits (<4 visits) | 5.17 [2.34, 11.39] | <0.001 | 6.70 [2.71, 16.62] | <0.001 |