Table 2 Clinical profile of women with severe postpartum hemorrhage versus controls

14 – 19

12 (1.1%)

13 (0.6%)

2.23

0.96 – 5.17

0.061

20 – 24

60 (5.6%)

145 (7.0%)

Ref.

25 –29

240 (22.6%)

507 (24.6%)

1.14

0.82 – 1.60

0.435

30 –34

395 (37.1%)

770 (37.4%)

1.24

0.90 –1.71

0.194

35–39

283 (26.6%)

501 (24.3%)

1.36

0.98–1.91

0.068

≥40

74 (7.0%)

123 (6.0%)

1.45

0.96–2.21

0.078

0

622 (58.5%)

1007 (48.9%)

1.54

1.30 – 1.82

<0.001

1

296 (27.8%)

738 (35.8%)

Ref.

2

96 (9.0%)

229 (11.1%)

1.04

0.79 – 1.37

0.752

≥3

50 (4.6%)

85 (4.1%)

1.47

1.01 – 2.13

0.045

Europe/USA/Oceania

838 (78.8%)

1682 (81.7%)

Ref.

Middle-East/North-Africa

50 (4.6%)

122 (5.9%)

0.82

0.58 – 1.15

0.259

Latin-America

14 (1.3%)

22 (1.1%)

1.28

0.65 – 2.51

0.477

Asia

99 (9.3%)

151 (7.3%)

1.31

1.01 – 1.72

0.044

Sub-Saharan Africa

63 (5.9%)

82 (4.0%)

1.54

1.10 – 2.16

0.012

<18.5

42 (4.0%)

80 (3.9%)

1.08

0.74 – 1.59

0.688

18.5 – 24.9

639 (60.1%)

1317 (64.0%)

Ref.

25.0 – 29.9

205 (19.3%)

378 (18.4%)

1.12

0.92 – 1.36

0.262

30.0 – 34.9

82 (7.7%)

145 (7.0%)

1.16

0.87 – 1.55

0.295

35.0 – 39.9

25 (2.4%)

36 (1.8%)

1.43

0.85 – 2.40

0.176

≥40

7 (0.7%)

14 (0.7%)

1.03

0.41 – 2.56

0.949

Married/cohabitant

973 (91.4%)

1932 (94.1%)

0.70

0.53 – 0.93

0.014

Uterine anomaly

16 (1.5%)

13 (0.6%)

2.40

1.15 – 5.01

0.020

Uterine surgery

19 (1.8%)

11 (0.5%)

3.38

1.60 – 7.14

0.001

Previous cesarean

126 (11.8%)

221 (10.7%)

1.12

0.88 – 1.41

0.350

Previous severe PPH

66 (6.2%)

21 (1.0%)

6.42

3.90 – 10.6

<0.001

Multiple pregnancy

94 (8.8%)

52 (2.5%)

3.74

2.64 – 5.29

<0.001

IVF/ICSI

115 (10.8%)

82 (4.0%)

2.92

2.18 – 3.92

<0.001

Anemia (Hb ≤ 9.0 g/dL)

74 (7.0%)

38 (1.9%)

4.11

2.76 – 6.13

<0.001

Gestational diabetes mellitus

46 (9.4%)

58 (2.8%)

1.56

1.05 – 2.31

0.027

Uterine fibroma

52 (4.9%)

38 (1.9%)

2.73

1.79 – 4.18

<0.001

Polyhydramnios

16 (1.5%)

12 (0.6%)

2.60

1.23 – 5.52

0.013

Anticoagulant medication

51 (4.8%)

22 (2.1%)

4.66

2.81 – 7.73

<0.001

Severe pre-eclampsia or

HELLP syndrome

50 (4.7%)

28 (2.6%)

3.58

2.24 – 5.71

<0.001

  Spontaneous vaginal

507 (47.6%)

1358 (66.0%)

Ref.

  Instrumental vaginal

212 (20.0%)

25 (12.2%)

2.26

1.83 – 2.79

<0.001

  In-labor cesarean

248 (23.3%)

245 (11.9%)

2.71

2.21 – 3.32

<0.001

  Elective cesarean

97 (8.6%)

205 (10.0%)

1.27

0.97 – 1.65

0.077

PROM

127 (12.0%)

169 (8.2%)

1.51

1.19 – 1.93

0.001

Fever (temp > 38 °C) in labor

75 (7.1%)

60 (2.9%)

2.53

1.78 – 3.58

<0.001

Labor augmentation

587 (55.2%)

797 (38.7%)

1.95

1.68 – 2.26

<0.001

Labor induction

349 (32.8%)

402 (19.5%)

2.01

1.70 – 2.38

<0.001

Birth weight > 4500 g

51 (4.8%)

57 (2.8%)

1.77

1.20 – 2.60

0.004