Why non-invasive maternal hemodynamics assessment is clinically relevant in early pregnancy: a literature review

Table 2 Normal reference values of different non-invasive techniques

	Pulse Wave Doppler [10, 33, 35, 39–41, 47, 48]	Artery Pulse Waveforms [40, 51, 52]	Echocardiography [10, 39]	Impedance Cardiography [41]	USCOM [55]
Peripheral arteries	PI: 1.11–2.08 RI: 0.56–0.76	PI: 1.4–2.08 PWV (m/s): 6.13–8.13	MAP (mmHg): 73–83 SBP (mmHg): 102–113 DBP (mmHg): 58–67 TVR (dyneseccm⁻⁵): 1015–1212	MAP (mmHg): 81–90 SBP (mmHg): 106–123 DBP (mmHg): 71–81	SBP (mmHg): 114–130 DBP (mmHg): 67–82 TVR (dyneseccm⁻⁵): 941–1118
Central arteries	Aortic area (cm²): 3.85–3.94	SBP (mmHg): 101–117		ACI (1/100/s²): 107–156 VI (1/1000/s): 62–82 HI (Ω/s²): 19.2–26.9
Heart	CO (l/min): 6.61–6.83 SV (ml): 81.5–84.1		CO (l/min): 4.3–5.5 SV (ml): 55.3–78.7 HR (bpm): 73–85 MVAS (mm): 13.5–17.5 E-wave (mm/s): 68.8–96 A-wave (mm/s): 40.5–57.3 ESD (cm): 2.85–2.91 EDD (cm): 4.63–4.69 LAD (cm): 3.26–3.36 LV wall thickness (cm): 1.56–1.62 LV mass (g): 134–140 EF (%): 75.7–76.9	CO (l/min): 6.2–8.2 SV (ml): 66–86 HR (bpm): 87–104	CO (l/min): 6.8–7.6 SV (ml): 79.23–103.23 HR (bpm): 69–89
Veins	RIVI: 0.38–0.56 HVI: 0.7–1.6 VPTT (kidneys) (ms): 0.24–0.35 VPTT (liver) (ms): 0.13–0.23

MAP Mean Arterial Pressure, SBP Systolic Blood Pressure, DBP Diastolic Blood Pressure, TVR Total Vascular Resistance, CO Cardiac Output, SV Stroke Volume, HR Heart Rate, MVAS Mitral Valve Annulus Shortening, E-wave E-wave velocity, A-wave A-wave velocity, ESD End-Systolic Dimension, EDD End-Diastolic Dimension, LAD Left Atrial Dimension, LV Left Ventricle, EF Ejection Fraction, ACI Acceleration Index, VI Velocity Index, HI Heather Index, PI Pulsatility Index, RI Resistivity Index, RIVI Renal Interlobar Vein Index, HVI Hepatic Vein Index, VPTT Venous Pulse Transit Time, PWV Pulse Wave Velocity

ISSN: 1471-2393