The relationship of prenatal maternal depression or anxiety to maternal caregiving behavior and infant behavior self-regulation during infant heel lance: an ethological time-based study of behavior

Table 2 Proportion of time (Prop-T) study mothers spent in five MBCS atypical behavior Pre-HL and Post-HL

	Group	Phase						Z
		Pre-HL (5 min)			Post-HL (5 min)
		n	M(SD)	Mdn	n	M(SD)	Mdn
Looking away from baby.	Control	10	9.95 (13.89)	5.35	9	10.20 (9.49)	9.00	−314
Looking away from baby.	MDA-Exposed	12	22.67 (24.89)	15.50	12	18.72 (18.46)	12.80	−.235
Minimal or no responsiveness to baby cues/action. minimal, or no attempt to interact or to engage with the infant	Control	12	10.45 (13.70)	4.85	8	9.39 (8.86)	8.00	.000
	MDA-Exposed	12	28.72 (27.15)	20.50*	12	25.86 (38.86)	.110*	−1.34
Not embracing, cradling baby.	Control	0	.000 (.00)	.00	0	.000 (.00)	.00	.000
Not embracing, cradling baby.	MDA-Exposed	6	35.39 (45.11)	6.15*	3	9.14 (21.31)	.00	−.2.201**
Mothers attention not directed towards baby, others, or environment	Control	10	10.20 (13.88)	4.85	8	9.05 (8.56)	8.00	−.639
	MDA-Exposed	12	32.25 (33.30)	20.50*	10	20.77 (23.75)	12.65	.523
Type and quality of facial expression not regular.	Control	10	17.00 (28.29)	4.20	6	7.19 (14.96)	.50	−1.27
Type and quality of facial expression not regular.	MDA-Exposed	9	29.28 (36.26)	20.50	9	30.52 (36.65)	19.85	−.533

Values represent mean proportion of time (number of seconds behavior expressed/total number of seconds of the observation session) based on 24 mothers (12 in MDA-exposed grp, 12 in Control group), n total number of mothers in each group who exhibited the behavior (minimum of 6 required in either phase). *p < .05 Mann Whitney U test; **p < .05 Wilcoxon signed-rank test

ISSN: 1471-2393