Table 1 Comparison of categorical socio-demographic characteristics by H. pylori status

Parity

 Primigravidae

70

48

 Secundigravidae

40

34

0.473^*

Marital status

 Married

94

74

 Single

12

7

 Widowed/Divorced

4

1

0.445^*

Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)

 Underweight (<18.5)

15

13

 Normal weight (18.5–24.9)

80

63

 Overweight (25.0–29.9)

15

6

0.372^*

Sex of the baby

 Female

56

44

 Male

54

38

0.706

Birth weight (grams)^a

 <2500

22

4

 ≥2500

87

78

0.002^*

Maternal pre-pregnancy height (cm)

 <156

42

31

 ≥156

68

51

0.958^*

Maternal age (years)

 <21

70

56

 ≥21

40

26

0.502^*

Occupation

79

65

 House wife

 Peasant

1

9

 Employee

23

15

 Student

7

2

0.561^*

Smoking

 Yes

0

2

 No

110

80

0.100^*

Building type

 Permanent

108

82

 Temporary

2

0

0.518^*

Alcohol

 Yes

5

5

 No

105

77

0.632^*

Water source

 Tap

87

64

 Borehole

6

5

 Protected well

17

11

 Unprotected well

0

1

 Tank (harvested rain water)

0

1

0.490^*

Education level

 Low (No education to primary 7)

22

20

 Medium (Secondary level)

72

52

 High (tertiary education)

16

10

0.114^*

Household monthly income ($)

 Low income (<100)

56

38

 Medium income (101–250)

46

41

 High income (>250)

8

3

0.374^*