Table 1 Socio-demographic, antenatal, skin characteristics and vitamin D intake of first trimester pregnant women (N = 396)
From: Risk factors for antenatal hypovitaminosis D in an urban district in Malaysia
Independent variables | n | Percent | Mean ± SD / Median (IQR 25 %, 75 %) |
|---|---|---|---|
A) Socio-demographic factors | |||
 Age (year) |  |  | 28.06 ± 4.09 (min = 18, max = 40) |
 Ethnic groups |  |  |  |
  Malay | 307 | 77.5 |  |
  Chinese | 44 | 11.2 |  |
  Indian | 35 | 8.8 |  |
  Others | 10 | 2.5 |  |
 Educational status |  |  |  |
  Primary School | 16 | 4.0 |  |
  Secondary School | 149 | 37.6 |  |
  Tertiary School | 231 | 58.4 |  |
 Working Status |  |  |  |
  Working | 301 | 76.0 |  |
  Not working | 95 | 24.0 |  |
 Household members |  |  | 3 (2,4) (min = 2, max = 12) |
 Household income per month |  |  | RM3500 (2800,5000) (min = RM900, max = RM20 000) |
B) Factors related to antenatal | |||
 Week of pregnancy |  |  | 10 (8,12) (min = 4, max = 12) |
 Gravidity |  |  | 2 (1,3) (min = 1, max = 9) |
 Parity |  |  | 0 (0,1) (min = 0, max = 6) |
 Smoking status |  |  |  |
  Yes | 3 | 0.8 |  |
  No | 393 | 99.2 |  |
 Last Child Birth |  |  |  |
  ≤ 2 years | 124 | 61.1 |  |
  >2 years | 79 | 38.9 |  |
  Not applicable (first pregnancy) | 193 |  |  |
 Still breastfeeding |  |  |  |
  Yes | 41 | 22.9 |  |
  No | 138 | 79.1 |  |
  Not applicable (no child) | 217 |  |  |
 Body Mass Index (BMI) before pregnancy(kg/m2) |  |  | 22.69 (19.95, 26.36) (min = 14.29, max = 53.90) |
 Weight at first antenatal visit (kg) |  |  | 57.70 (49.60,68.00) (min = 33.00, max = 148.70) |
C) Factors related to skin | |||
 Fitzpatrick skin classification |  |  |  |
  Skin type I -II | 103 | 26.0 |  |
  Skin type III | 173 | 43.7 |  |
  Skin type IV-VI | 120 | 30.3 |  |
 Melanin Indices (using Mexameter 18) (0-999.000) |  |  | 302.17 (245.00, 302.17) (min = 133.33, max = 949.33) |
 Sun protection score (0-8) |  |  | 5 (4,5) (min = 0, max = 7) |
 The length of time exposed to sunlight (minutes per week) |  |  | 37.50 (0,150) (min = 0, max = 1680) |
D) Factors related to vitamin D intake | |||
 Intake of vitamin D in food (IU/day) |  |  | 202.16 (124.94, 334.62) (min = 13.50, max = 1523.12) |
 The number of respondents taking antenatal supplements |  |  |  |
  Taking supplements containing vitamin D | 44 | 11.1 |  |
  Taking supplements without vitamin D intake | 6 | 1.5 |  |
  Not taking supplement | 346 | 87.4 |  |
 Calcium and vitamin D supplement |  |  |  |
  No | 386 | 97.5 |  |
  Yes | 10 | 2.5 |  |
 Intake of vitamin D from food and supplements (IU/day) |  |  | 220.04 (137.88, 376.45) (min = 15.10, max = 1523.12) |
 The level of vitamin D taken from food and supplements (IU/day) |  |  |  |
  <200 IU/day | 178 | 44.90 |  |
  ≥200 IU/day | 218 | 55.10 |  |