Table 3 Multivariate adjusted predictors of term-SGA, preterm-AGA, and preterm-SGA as compared to term-AGA reference

Maternal age

  < 20 years

1.19 (1.06–1.32)

0.002

1.24 (1.10–1.39)

<0.001

0.90 (0.29–2.80)

0.860

 20–25 years

1.07 (0.98–1.17)

0.135

1.16 (1.06–1.27)

0.001

2.22 (0.93–5.29)

0.072

 25–30 years

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 30–35 years

0.98 (0.89–1.09)

0.769

0.93 (0.83–1.03)

0.150

3.33 (1.33–8.35)

0.010

  ≥ 35 years

1.09 (0.93–1.28)

0.292

1.00 (0.86–1.18)

0.954

4.66 (1.39–15.67)

0.013

Maternal education

 No formal schooling

0.88 (0.76–1.02)

0.091

1.03 (0.91–1.17)

0.651

1.64 (0.61–4.41)

0.327

 Some primary

1.01 (0.88–1.15)

0.913

1.11 (0.98–1.26)

0.108

1.38 (0.47–4.05)

0.559

 Completed primary

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Secondary plus

0.87 (0.77–0.98)

0.018

0.95 (0.84–1.07)

0.387

1.33 (0.58–3.01)

0.499

Paternal education

 No formal schooling

0.80 (0.66–0.98)

0.028

1.08 (0.93–1.26)

0.319

0.39 (0.05–3.06)

0.374

 Some primary

0.98 (0.84–1.14)

0.799

1.07 (0.93–1.24)

0.334

1.15 (0.34–3.87)

0.826

 Completed primary

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Secondary plus

0.98 (0.89–1.08)

0.689

0.85 (0.77–0.95)

0.004

1.21 (0.57–2.55)

0.625

Dar es Salaam wealth quintile

 Q1 (Poorest)

1.26 (1.00–1.60)

1.21 (1.00–1.46)

3.00 (0.59–15.27)

 Q2

1.34 (1.08–1.67)

1.10 (0.92–1.32)

2.06 (0.41–10.39)

 Q3

1.18 (0.94–1.49)

1.08 (0.89–1.31)

0.43 (0.04–4.73)

 Q4

1.15 (0.93–1.42)

1.08 (0.90–1.29)

1.40 (0.28–6.97)

 Q5 (Richest)

Ref.

0.057*

Ref.

0.076*

Ref.

0.827*

Morogoro wealth quintile

 Q1 (Poorest)

1.00 (0.90–1.12)

1.49 (1.32–1.68)

1.67 (0.67–4.25)

 Q2

0.95 (0.86–1.06)

1.39 (1.24–1.56)

1.34 (0.54–3.29)

 Q3

1.00 (0.90–1.11)

1.13 (1.00–1.28)

0.66 (0.22–1.99)

 Q4

0.95 (0.86–1.05)

1.23 (1.09–1.37)

1.64 (0.73–3.67)

 Q5 (Richest)

Ref.

0.432*

Ref.

<0.001*

Ref.

0.842*

Trimester of first ANC visit

 1^st Trimester

0.98 (0.88–1.09)

0.712

0.86 (0.76–0.96)

0.009

1.33 (0.61–2.89)

0.475

 2^nd Trimester

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 3^rd Trimester

1.13 (1.02–1.26)

0.025

1.06 (0.94–1.19)

0.323

1.83 (0.84–9.98)

0.127

Maternal height

  < 150 cm

1.60 (1.33–1.94)

1.34 (1.09–1.66)

5.92 (1.50–23.30)

 150.0–154.9 cm

1.24 (1.06–1.46)

1.22 (1.04–1.43)

2.58 (0.72–9.32)

 155.0–159.9 cm

1.17 (1.00–1.37)

1.13 (0.97–1.33)

1.64 (0.44–6.08)

  ≥ 160.0 cm

Ref.

<0.001*

Ref.

<0.001*

Ref.

0.042

Parity

 First born

1.56 (1.42–1.70)

<0.001

1.15 (1.05–1.26)

0.003

3.21 (1.63–6.33)

0.001

 2^nd–4th birth

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 5^th or greater

0.75 (0.64–0.86)

<0.001

0.99 (0.87–1.12)

0.869

0.45 (0.14–1.42)

0.174

Infant sex

 Male

1.09 (1.02–1.16)

0.007

1.05 (0.98–1.12)

0.134

1.02 (0.62–1.67)

0.947

 Female

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.