Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
From: The influence of grandmothers on breastfeeding rates: a systematic review
Author | Year | Title | Country | Study design/method | Sample size | Outcome measurement used | Effect measurement | Impact of the grandmother (measurement) | Study quality (according to the EPHPP assessment tool) [21] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chen, T. L., et al. [23] | 2011 | Cultural factors and social support related to breastfeeding among immigrant mothers in Taipei City, Taiwan | Taiwan | Cross-sectional survey/questionnaire | 210 | Exclusive and partial breastfeeding at 3 months postpartum | Relative risk | Grandmother’s own experience with breastfeeding | Moderate |
Dashti, M., et al. [24] | 2014 | Predictors of breastfeeding duration among women in Kuwait: results of a prospective cohort study | Kuwait | Cross-sectional survey/Questionnaires | 373 | Exclusive and partial breastfeeding at 6 months postpartum | Hazard ratio | Grandmother’s EBF preference | Moderate |
Duong, D. V., et al. [26] | 2005 | Introduction of complementary food to infants within the first six months postpartum in rural Vietnam | Vietnam | Cross-sectional survey/Household surveys | 2690 | Exclusive breastfeeding at 1 week, 4 months and 6 months postpartum | Odds ratio | Grandmother’s EBF preference | Weak |
Duong, D. V., et al. [25] | 2004 | Breast-feeding initiation and exclusive breast-feeding in rural Vietnam | Vietnam | Cross-sectional survey Questionnaires | 463 | Exclusive breastfeeding at 1 week postpartum | Odds ratio | Grandmother’s EBF preference | Weak |
Kohlhuber, M., et al. [30] | 2008 | Breastfeeding rates and duration in Germany: a Bavarian cohort study | Germany | Prospective cohort study Questionnaires | 3822 | Exclusive and partial breastfeeding at 2, 4 and 6Â months postpartum | Odds ratio | Attitude towards breastfeeding by grandmother | Moderately weak |
Li, Y., et al. [27] | 1999 | Breast-feeding in Bangkok, Thailand: Current status, maternal knowledge, attitude and social support | Thailand | Cross-sectional survey Questionnaires | 221 | Exclusive and partial breastfeeding at 3Â months postpartum | Odds ratio | Where grandmother is main caregiver | Weak |
Liu, J. H., et al. [34] | 2013 | Social and demographic determinants for breastfeeding in a rural, suburban and city area of South East China | China | Cross-sectional survey Questionnaires | 1385 | Exclusive and partial breastfeeding at 6Â months postpartum | Odds ratio | Level of education of grandmother | Moderate |
Ludvigsson, J. F.[28] | 2003 | Breastfeeding in Bolivia - Information and attitudes | Bolivia | Cross-sectional survey/interviews | 502 | Exclusive and partial breastfeeding up to 12Â months postpartum | Odds ratio | Attitude towards EBF by grandmother | Moderately weak |
Mahoney, M. C. and D. M. James [29] | 2000 | Predictors of anticipated breastfeeding in an urban, low-income setting | U.S.A | Cross-sectional survey/survey | 66 | Anticipated exclusive and partial breastfeeding ranging from 4 weeks to 52 weeks postpartum | Relative risk | EBF encouragement by baby’s father or the maternal grandmother | Weak |
Nunes, L. M., et al. [33] | 2011 | Reduction of Unnecessary Intake of Water and Herbal Teas on Breast-fed Infants: A Randomized Clinical Trial With Adolescent Mothers and Grandmothers | Brazil | Randomised control trial | 323 | Exclusive breastfeeding at 6Â months postpartum | Hazard ratio | Cohabitation with maternal grandmother | Strong |
Santo, L. C. D. E., et al. [4] | 2007 | Factors associated with low incidence of exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6Â months | Brazil | Prospective cohort study/Questionnaires | 220 | Exclusive breastfeeding at 6Â months postpartum | Hazard ratio | Cohabitation with maternal or paternal grandmother | Moderate |
Susin, L. R. O., et al. [31] | 2005 | Influence of grandmothers on breastfeeding practices | Brazil | Prospective cohort study/Questionnaires | 601 | Exclusive breastfeeding at 6Â months postpartum | Odds ratio | (a) Frequency of contact with maternal or paternal grandmother; (b) where maternal or paternal grandmother advises other liquids | Moderate |
Wasser, H. M., et al. [32] | 2013 | Who’s feeding baby? Non-maternal involvement in feeding and its association with dietary intakes among infants and toddlers | U.S.A | Prospective Cohort study/Questionnaires | 209 | Non-maternal feeding of the infant at 3,6, 9, 12 and 18 months | Odds ratio | Where grandmother is main caregiver | Weak |