Table 3 Culturally Sensitive Translation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in 12 low -and lower-middle-income countries

1. Nepal

Nepal et al., (1999) [24]

Yes (psychiatrist)

Yes (Another set)

NM

Yes

Not needed

NM

Nepalese

2. India

Patel et al., (2002) [28]

Yes

Yes

NM

NM

NM

NM

Konkani

Fernandes et al. (2010) [29]

Yes (1 health professional)

Yes (Another set: health professional)

Yes (investigator, translators & another member of the study team)

Yes

NM

NM

Kannada

3. Nigeria

Uwakwe (2003) [30]

Yes (3 nurses)

Yes (Another set: 2 medical students & layperson)

Yes (investigator&translators)

Yes

Not needed

NM

Igbo (Eastern)

Adewuya et al., (2006) [31]

Yes (Psychiatrist & linguist)

Yes (Another set: psychiatrist & linguist)

NM

NM

NM

NM

Yoruba (Western)

4. Pakistan

Rahman et al., (2005) [39]

Yes

Yes

\Yes

NM

NM

NM

Urdu

5. Mongolia

Pollock et al., (2006) [32]

Yes (2 medical translators)

Yes (Another set: 2 medical translators)

Yes (investigator, psychiatrist & doctor)

NM

Yes

NM

Mongolian

6. Bangladesh

Gausia et al., (2007) [19]

Yes (1 Principal investigator)

Yes (Another set: translator & 2 native English speakers)

Yes (investigator,1 psychologist, 1 psychiatrist, 1 paediatrician, 3 physicians, 2 lay persons)

Yes (Probing)

Yes

Yes

Bengali

7. Sri Lanka

Rowel et al., (2008) [37]

Yes

Yes

NM

Yes

NM

NM

Sinhalese

8. Ethiopia

Hanlon et al., (2008) [33]

Yes (investigator,2 senior psychiatrists)

Yes (Probing)

Yes

NM

Amharic

Tesfaye et al., (2010) [35]

NM

Yes (Probing)

Yes

NM

9. Ghana

Weobong et al., (2009) [38]

Yes (Native & UK professionals)

Yes (Native & UK professionals)

Yes (study team)

(Qualitative study)

Not needed

NM

Twi

10. Zimbabwe

Chibanda et al., (2010) [36]

Yes (research assistant)

Yes

Yes (study team)

NM

NM

NM

Shona

11. Vietnam

‡Fisher et al., (2004) [23]

Yes

Yes

Yes (study team)

Yes (Probing)

Yes

NM

Vietnamese^a

12. Malawi

Stewart et al., (2013) [34]

Yes (1 health professional, psychiatrist (UK), 2 social science graduates)

Yes (Another set: 1 non-mental health professional)

Yes (antenatal clinic nurses)

Yes

Yes

NM

Chichewa (^bVisual Prompt card