Table 4 Small for gestational age overall and for HIV + ve only
From: Improved pregnancy outcomes with increasing antiretroviral coverage in South Africa
All women | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bivariate | Multivariable vi | |||||
Variable | Normal for GA i: n (% ii) | Small for GA iii: n (%) | p-value iv | 0R v (95 % CI) | 0R (95 % CI) | Adj. p-value |
Year | ||||||
2011 | 4053 (92.77) | 316 (7.23) | 0.066 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
2014 | 5027 (91.77) | 451 (8.23) | 1.15 (0.99–1.34) | 1.21 (1.02–1.44) | 0.032 | |
Age Category | ||||||
< 18 | 755 (91.29) | 72 (8.71) | 0.106 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
18–24 | 4032 (92.56) | 324 (7.44) | 0.84 (0.65–1.1) | 0.82 (0.63–1.08) | 0.161 | |
25–34 | 3384 (92.41) | 278 (7.59) | 0.86 (0.66–1.13) | 0.81 (0.61–1.07) | 0.137 | |
> 34 | 807 (90.37) | 86 (9.63) | 1.12 (0.8–1.55) | 1.06 (0.75–1.48) | 0.750 | |
Mode of Delivery | ||||||
Vaginal | 6180 (92.46) | 504 (7.54) | 0.300 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
Emergency Caesarean | 1340 (91.97) | 117 (8.03) | 1.07 (0.87–1.32) | 1.21 (0.95–1.53) | 0.124 | |
Planned Caesarean | 1543 (91.36) | 146 (8.64) | 1.16 (0.96–1.41) | 1.11 (0.91–1.35) | 0.288 | |
HIV | ||||||
Negative | 5487 (92.75) | 429 (7.25) | <0.001 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
Positive | 3417 (91.78) | 306 (8.22) | 1.15 (0.98–1.33) | 1.15 (0.98–1.35) | 0.078 | |
Unbooked | 171 (85.5) | 29 (14.5) | 2.17 (1.45–3.25) | 2.28 (1.5–3.45) | <0.001 | |
HIV + ve women only | ||||||
Bivariate | Multivariable iv | |||||
Variable | Normal for GA: n (% ii) | Small for GA: n (%) | p-value | 0R (95 % CI) | 0R (95 % CI) | Adj. p-value |
Year | ||||||
2011 | 1491 (92.15) | 127 (7.85) | 0.471 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
2014 | 1926 (91.5) | 179 (8.5) | 1.09 (0.86–1.38) | 1.53 (0.51–4.61) | 0.447 | |
Age Category | ||||||
< 18 | 84 (90.32) | 9 (9.68) | 0.048 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
18–24 | 1110 (93.36) | 79 (6.64) | 0.66 (0.32–1.37) | 0.67 (0.14–3.16) | 0.609 | |
25–34 | 1741 (91.49) | 162 (8.51) | 0.87 (0.43–1.76) | 0.80 (0.17–3.75) | 0.778 | |
> 34 | 451 (89.48) | 53 (10.52) | 1.10 (0.52–2.31) | 1.27 (0.26–6.28) | 0.771 | |
Mode of Delivery | ||||||
Vaginal | 2282 (92.35) | 189 (7.65) | 0.176 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
Emergency Caesarean | 509 (90.41) | 54 (9.59) | 1.28 (0.93–1.76) | 1.64 (0.98–2.74) | 0.059 | |
Planned Caesarean | 616 (90.72) | 63 (9.28) | 1.23 (0.92–1.66) | 0.82 (0.40–1.68) | 0.584 | |
CD4 category | ||||||
> 500 | 312 (91.5) | 29 (8.5) | 0.583 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
351–500 | 321 (93.59) | 22 (6.41) | 0.74 (0.41–1.31) | 0.72 (0.40–1.29) | 0.267 | |
201–350 | 307 (90.83) | 31 (9.17) | 1.09 (0.64–1.85) | 1.20 (0.69–2.09) | 0.520 | |
< 200 | 161 (91.48) | 15 (8.52) | 1.00 (0.52–1.92) | 0.94 (0.45–1.94) | 0.862 | |
ART regimen | ||||||
Nil ARVs | 133 (89.86) | 15 (10.14) | 0.464 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |
AZT/NVP i, ii | 901 (92.51) | 73 (7.49) | 0.72 (0.40–1.29) | 0.37 (0.10–1.45) | 0.153 | |
D4T/3TC/NVP iii | 824 (90.85) | 83 (9.15) | 0.89 (0.50–1.59) | 0.29 (0.08–1.07) | 0.063 | |
EFV/TDF/FTC | 1533 (92.02) | 133 (7.98) | 0.77 (0.44–1.35) | 0.25 (0.07–0.87) | 0.030 |