| Global stress | Global psychopathology | Global trauma load | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk factor | Item | Â | N | M (SD) | t (df) | r | p | M (SD) | t (df) | r | p | M (SD) | t | r | p |
Age | Age in years | Â | 40 | 26.5 (4.3) | Â | -.04 | ns | 26.5 (4.3) | Â | .009 | ns | 26.5 (4.3) | Â | .41 | .009 |
Less than 20 | Yes | 15 | 1.38 (1.3) | -.68 (38) | Â | ns | 1.15 (3.1) | 1.45 (38) | Â | ns | -.86 (1.3) | 2.62 (38) | Â | .01 | |
No | 25 | 1.71 (1.5) | Â | Â | Â | 2.96 (4.1) | Â | Â | Â | .52 (1.7) | Â | Â | Â | ||
Immigration Background | Immigration (Mother) | Yes | 0 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |||||||||
No | 40 | ||||||||||||||
Immigration (Father) | Yes | 0 | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||||||||
No | 40 | ||||||||||||||
Social Support | Living with the father of the baby | Yes | 28 | 1.55 (.9) | .11 (38) | Â | ns | 2.20 (2.7) | -.22 (38) | Â | ns | .25 (1.88) | -.59 (38) | Â | ns |
No | 12 | 1.60 (1.6) | Â | 2.45 (4.3) | Â | -.10 (1.67) | Â | ||||||||
Financial Difficulties | Financial Fears | Yes | 25 | 2.09 (1.2) | −3.0 (38) |  | .004 | 3.08 (3.9) | −1.7 (38) |  | ns | .37 (1.87) | .124 (38) |  | ns |
No | 15 | .78 (1.3) | Â | -.62 (3.3) | Â | -.62 (1.27) | Â | ||||||||
Housing Index (room/person) | Â | Â | .65 (.50) | Â | -.15 | ns | .65 (.50) | Â | -.11 | ns | .65 (.50) | Â | -.33 | .05 | |
Room/person < 0.5 | Yes | 19 | 1.81 (1.5) | -.89 (38) |  | ns | 2.35 (4.0) | -.10 (38) |  | ns | .47 (1.65) | -.17 (38) |  | ns | |
No | 12 | 1.39 (1.3) | Â | 2.22 (3.7) | Â | -.43 (1.71) | Â | ||||||||
Physical complaints, complications and medical risks | Physical Complaints | Yes | 27 | 1.74 (1.5) | -.92 (38) | Â | ns | 3.0 (4.1) | -.74 (38) | Â | ns | .14 (1.7) | -.73 (38) | Â | ns |
No | 13 | 1.28 (1.2) | Â | .78 (1.6) | Â | -.29 (1.6) | Â | ||||||||
Complications | Yes | 13 | 2.85 (1.2) | −4.4 (38) |  | ≤.001 | 5.24 (3.8) | −3.9 (38) |  | ≤.001 | 1.10 (1.5) | −3.11 (38) |  | .004 | |
No | 27 | 1.0 (1.1) | Â | .85 (3.0) | Â | -.53 (1.5) | Â | ||||||||
Medical risk factors | Yes | 14 | 2.24 (1.4) | 2.2 (38) |  | .03 | 4.48 (4.2) | −2.8 (38) |  | .006 | .46 (1.4) | −1.26 (38) |  | ns | |
No | 26 | 1.22 (1.3) | Â | 1.09 (3.1) | Â | -.25 (1.8) | Â | ||||||||
Prenatal Bonding | Unplanned Pregnancy | Yes | 23 | 1.84 (1.5) | −1.2 (38) |  | ns | 2.75 (3.9) | -.89 (38) |  | ns | .32 (1.9) | −1.42 (38) |  | ns |
No | 17 | 1.25 (1.3) | Â | 1.64 (3.7) | Â | -.44 (1.2) | |||||||||
Joy for the baby (Future mother) | Â | Â | 8.9 (1.6) | Â | -.07 | ns | 8.9 (1.6) | Â | -.18 | ns | 8.9 (1.6) | Â | -.16 | ns | |
Very little Joy for the baby (future mother) (≤3) | Yes | 0 | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||||||||
No | 40 | ||||||||||||||
Concern for the future with the baby | Â | Â | 6.4 (3.2) | Â | .52 | .001 | 6.4 (3.2) | Â | .43 | .006 | 6.4 (3.2) | Â | .065 | ns | |
Very high concern about the future with the baby (future mother) | Yes | 21 | 2.13 (1.5) | −2.5 (38) |  | .014 | 3.96 (4.1) | −3.2 (38) |  | .003 | .06 (1.8) | -.25 (38) |  | ns | |
No | 19 | 1.0 (1.1) | Â | .42 (2.4) | Â | -.07 (.56) | Â | ||||||||
Joy for the baby (future father) | Â | Â | 7.74 (3.2) | Â | -.05 | ns | 7.74 (3.2) | Â | -.15 | ns | 7.74 (3.2) | Â | -.17 | ns | |
Very little joy for the baby (future father) (≤3) | Yes | 7 | 1.14 (.85) | .80 (38) |  | ns | 1.70 (3.0) | .43 (38) |  | ns | .53 (2.1) | -.89 (38) |  | ns | |
No | 33 | 1.67 (1.5) | Â | 2.40 (4.0) | Â | -.11 (1.6) | Â | ||||||||
Concern for the future with the baby (Future father) | Â | Â | 5.93 (3.4) | Â | -.03 | ns | 5.93 (3.4) | Â | -.09 | ns | 5.93 (3.4) | Â | -.23 | ns | |
Very high concern about the future with the baby (future father) (≥7) | Yes | 16 | 2.33 (1.4) | −2.9 (38) |  | .006 | 3.90 (4.0) | −2.2 (38) |  | .02 | .35 (1.5) | −1.05 (38) |  | ns | |
No | 24 | 1.07 (1.2) | Â | 1.20 (3.3) | Â | -.23 (1.8) | Â | ||||||||
Perceived stress | Stress Index |  |  | 6.44 (2.54) |  | .59 | ≤.001 | 6.44 (2.54) |  | .44 | .005 | 6.44 (2.54) |  | .24 | ns |
Very high stress (≥12) | Yes | 0 | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||||||||
No | 40 | ||||||||||||||
Tobacco/Alcohol & Medicine/drugs | Smoking (Mother) | Yes | 2 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |||||||||
No | 38 | ||||||||||||||
Alcohol (Mother) | Yes | 0 | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||||||||
No | 40 | ||||||||||||||
Smoking (Future Father) | Yes | 9 | 2.09 (1.2) | −1.1 (38) |  | ns | 2.37 (3.5) | .27 (38) |  | ns | -.26 (1.3) | .52 (38) |  | ns | |
No | 31 | 1.42 (1.4) | Â | 1.96 (4.0) | Â | .07 (1.8) | Â | ||||||||
Alcohol (Future Father) | Yes | 9 | 2.04 (1.2) | -.99 (38) |  | ns | 2.60 (2.6) | -.28 (38) |  | ns | .69 (1.6) | −1.38 (38) |  | ns | |
No | 31 | 1.47 (1.4) | Â | 2.18 (4.1) | Â | -.20 (1.7) | Â | ||||||||
Drugs (Future Father) | Yes | 0 | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||||||||
No | 40 | ||||||||||||||
Violence during childhood | Physical Violence | Yes | 22 | 1.82 (1.2) | −1.1 (38) |  | ns | 3.66 (4.1) | −2.67 (38) |  | .01 | .63 (1.7) | −2.79 (38) |  | .008 |
No | 18 | 1.31 (1.6) | Â | .60 (2.8) | Â | -.77 (1.4) | Â | ||||||||
Sexual Violence | Yes | 10 | 1.75 (1.3) | -.39 (38) |  | ns | 3.03 (4.7) | -.70 (38) |  | ns | 1.31 (1.5) | −3.05 (38) |  | .004 | |
No | 30 | 1.54 (1.4) | Â | 2.03 (3.5) | Â | -.43 (1.5) | Â | ||||||||
Intimate partner violence | Increase in fighting | Yes | 13 | 1.65 (1.1) | -.18 (38) |  | ns | 3.27 (3.6) | −1.12 (38) |  | ns | -.01 (2.2) | .041 (38) |  | ns |
No | 27 | 1.56 (1.5) | Â | 1.80 (3.9) | Â | .008 (1.4) | Â | ||||||||
Vociferous fighting in the last 8 weeks | Yes | 9 | 2.76 (1.2) | −2.7 (38) |  | .008 | 6.07 (2.7) | −3.90 (38) |  | ≤.001 | 1.6 (1.5) | −3.73 (38) |  | ≤.001 | |
No | 31 | 1.28 (1.3) | Â | 1.18 (3.4) | Â | -.47 (1.4) | Â | ||||||||
Fighting with physical violence involved | Yes | 2 | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||||||||
No | 38 | ||||||||||||||
Violence in a past Intimate relationship | Yes | 9 | 2.01 (1.6) | -.92 (38) |  | ns | 3.42 (4.4) | −1.02 (38) |  | ns | .76 (1.5) | −1.53 (38) |  | ns | |
No | 31 | 1.48 (1.4) | Â | 1.95 (3.7) | Â | -.22 (1.7) | |||||||||
Mental Health | Ever diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder | Yes | 10 | 2.66 (1.0) | −2.7 (38) |  | .009 | 4.39 (2.8) | −2.07 (38) |  | .04 | 1.35 (1.4) | −3.17 (38) |  | .003 |
No | 30 | 1.26 (1.4) | Â | 1.58 (3.9) | Â | -.45 (1.5) | Â | ||||||||
Psychotropic-drugs | Yes | 6 | 2.16 (1.4) | -.94 (38) |  | ns | 4.58 (4.2) | −1.61 (38) |  | ns | 1.55 (1.7) | −2.55 (38) |  | .01 | |
No | 34 | 1.50 (1.4) | Â | 1.87 (3.7) | Â | -.27 (1.5) | Â | ||||||||
Ever have asked psychological help | Yes | 15 | 2.45 (1.1) | −3.0 (38) |  | .004 | 4.90 (3.7) | −3.87 (38) |  | ≤.001 | .84 (1.7) | −2.57 (38) |  | .01 | |
No | 25 | 1.10 (1.3) | Â | .70 (3.0) | Â | -.50 (1.5) | Â | ||||||||
Ever received inpatient psychiatric treatment | Yes | 1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||||||||
No | 29 |