Table 1 Predictive factors for perineal lacerations (grades 1–4) and results of the univariate and multivariate analysis
Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perineal laceration (n = 508) | No perineal laceration (n = 1429) | ß | SE (ß) | p | ß | SE (ß) | p | ||
Age (years) | 30.6 (25.8;35.0) | 29.9 (25.1;34.2) | 0.170 | 0.080 | 0.033 | 0.026 | 0.009 | 0.004 | |
Ethnicity | Caucasian | 401 (78.9) | 1112 (77.8) | reference | 0.358 | - | - | - | |
Asian | 19 (3.7) | 39 (2.7) | 0.301 | 0.286 | - | - | |||
Turkish | 62 (12.2) | 211 (14.8) | −0.205 | 0.156 | - | - | |||
Other | 26 (5.1) | 67 (4.7) | 0.073 | 0.238 | - | - | |||
Gestational age at delivery (weeks) | 40 (39;40) | 39 (38;40) | 0.190 | 0.320 | <0.001 | 0.084 | 0.052 | 0.045 | |
Parity | 0 | 200 (39.4) | 594 (41.6) | reference | <0.001 | reference | <0.001 | ||
1 | 214 (42.1) | 427 (29.9) | 0.398 | 0.117 | 0.072 | 0.127 | |||
≥2 | 94 (18.5) | 408 (28.6) | −0.379 | 0.141 | −0.867 | 0.156 | |||
Epidural analgesia | 120 (23.6) | 290 (20.3) | 0.195 | 0.123 | 0.115 | - | - | - | |
Duration of the 2nd stage of labor (min) | 33 (17;65) | 30 (15;55) | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.353 | - | - | - | |
Mediolateral episiotomy | 14 (2.8) | 163 (11.4) | −1.514 | 0.284 | <0.001 | −1.776 | 0.291 | <0.001 | |
Posterior orientation | 6 (1.2) | 12 (8.0) | 0.345 | 0.503 | 0.493 | - | - | - | |
Final position for de-livery | Lithiotomy | 459 (90.4) | 1292 (90.4) | reference | 0.527 | - | - | - | |
Side lying | 23 (4.5) | 83 (5.8) | −0.248 | 0.242 | - | - | |||
Sitting | 10 (2.0) | 16 (1.1) | 0.565 | 0.407 | - | - | |||
All-four | 9 (1.8) | 18 (1.4) | 0.342 | 0.412 | - | - | |||
Standing | 3 (0.6) | 6 (0.4) | 0.342 | 0.709 | - | - | |||
Water del. | 4 (0.8) | 14 (1.0) | −0.218 | 0.570 | - | - | |||
Birth weight (g) | 3470 (3160;3790) | 3290 (2980;3620) | 0.002 | 0.000 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | <0.001 | |
Head circumference (cm) | 35 (34;36) | 34 (33;35) | 0.173 | 0.030 | <0.001 | 0.060 | 0.046 | 0.187 | |
Midwife who delivered the child | 1 | 19 (3.7) | 92 (6.4) | reference | 0.004 | reference | 0.036 | ||
2 | 22 (4.3) | 95 (6.6) | 0.115 | 0.346 | −0.028 | 0.357 | |||
3 | 53 (10.4) | 117 (8.2) | 0.785 | 0.302 | 0.645 | 0.315 | |||
4 | 23 (4.5) | 80 (5.6) | 0.331 | 0.346 | 0.188 | 0.361 | |||
5 | 44 (8.7) | 101 (7.1) | 0.746 | 0.310 | 0.526 | 0.323 | |||
6 | 44 (8.7) | 128 (9.0) | 0.510 | 0.307 | 0.365 | 0.319 | |||
7 | 55 (10.8) | 93 (6.5) | 1.052 | 0.304 | 0.899 | 0.317 | |||
8 | 34 (6.7) | 116 (8.1) | 0.350 | 0.319 | 0.316 | 0.332 | |||
9 | 52 (10.2) | 108 (7.6) | 0.846 | 0.303 | 0.598 | 0.316 | |||
10 | 30 (5.9) | 100 (7.0) | 0.373 | 0.327 | 0.225 | 0.340 | |||
11 | 31 (6.1) | 81 (5.7) | 0.617 | 0.329 | 0.638 | 0.346 | |||
12 | 31 (6.1) | 129 (9.0) | 0.152 | 0.322 | −0.014 | 0.333 | |||
13 | 33 (6.5) | 101 (7.1) | 0.459 | 0.322 | 0.448 | 0.335 | |||
14 | 37 (7.3) | 88 (6.2) | 0.711 | 0.319 | 0.473 | 0.332 | |||