Table 1 Participant characteristics and pregnancy outcomes

Maternal age at initial measurement (years)

  19–24

1

2.9

3

18.8

  25–29

12

35.3

4

25.0

  30–34

16

47.1

6

37.5

  35–39

5

14.7

2

12.5

  40+

0

0

1

6.3

BMI at initial measurement (kg · m⁻²)

  < 18.5

0

0

0

0

  18.5–24.9

23

67.6

8

50

  25.0–29.9

6

17.6

2

12.5

  > 30

5

14.7

6

37.5

BMI at 34 weeks (kg · m⁻²)

  < 18.5

0

0

0

0

  18.5–24.9

9

26.5

3

18.8

  25.0–29.9

14

41.2

6

37.5

  > 30

11

32.4

7

43.8

Planned pregnancy

  Yes

29

85.3

5

31.3

  No

3

8.8

9

56.3

  Unknown

2

5.9

2

12.5

Parity

  Nulliparous

18

52.9

10

62.5

  Primi/Multiparous

16

47.1

6

37.5

Smoking Status

  Previous (prior to pregnancy)

7

20.6

8

50.0

  Current

3

8.6

1

6.3

Gestational age at birth (weeks)

  < 34

0

0

0

0

  34–36

0

0

0

0

  37–40

8

23.5

6

37.5

  > 40

26

76.5

10

62.5

Method of delivery

  Vaginal

27

79.4

11

68.8

  Caesarean section

7

20.6

5

31.2

Complications

  Breech

0

0

1

0

  Prolonged rupture

0

0

1

0

  Low platelets

1

0

0

0

(b)

Median

Range

Median

Range

Delivery time (hours:min)^a

  Total time

4:40

0:27–21:15

4:27

1:05–15:48

  1st stage

4:24

0:18–17:09

3:37

0:50–13:20

  2nd stage

0:39

0:02–4:02

0:25

0:04–2:47

  3rd stage

0:10

0.02–0:25

0:10

0:05–0:22

   Birth weight (g)

3490

2620–4820

3470

2780–4340

APGAR score

  1 min

9

4–9

9

4–9

  5 min

10

8–10

10

9–10

  10 min

10

8–10

10

9–10

   Fat change (kg)

1.6

−2.7–11.0

0.35

−3.5–6.4

   Fat mass at 35 weeks (kg)

27.1

17.7–40.4

27.8

20.4–43.4