Determining effects of areca (betel) nut chewing in a prospective cohort of pregnant women in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea

Table 4 Maternal characteristics and anaemia (haemoglobin <11 g/dL) at delivery (n = 1,599)

Factors		Anaemia	Odds ratio (95 % CI)	P	Adjusted OR^c (95 % CI)	P
Areca nut	Yes	988/1314 (75.2)
	No	182/285 (63.9)	1.72 (1.31, 2.25)	<0.001	1.67 (1.27, 2.20)	<0.001
Smoking	Yes	234/315 (74.3)
	No	936/1284 (72.9)	1.07 (0.81, 1.42)	0.62	-
Malaria^a	Yes	141/178 (79.2)
	No	1029/1421 (72.4)	1.45 (0.99, 2.12)	0.06	1.45 (0.99, 2.12)	0.06
Highlander^b	Yes	67/103 (65.1)
	No	1103/1496 (73.7)	0.66 (0.44, 1.01)	0.06	0.74 (0.48, 1.14)	0.17
Primigravida	Yes	569/798 (71.3)
	No	601/801 (75.3)	0.83 (0.66, 1.03)	0.08	0.85 (0.67, 1.04)	0.11
Height <150 cm	Yes	201/289 (69.6)
	No	952/1286 (74.0)	0.80 (0.61, 1.06)	0.12	-
MUAC <23 cm	Yes	316/420 (75.2)
	No	824/1143 (72.1)	1.18 (0.91, 1.52)	0.22	-
Generates income	Yes	617/829 (74.4)
	No	493/692 (71.2)	1.17 (0.94, 1.47)	0.16	-
≥3 antenatal visits	Yes	950/1310 (75.5)
	No	220/289 (76.1)	0.82 (0.62, 1.11)	0.21	-
SPAZ-IPTp	Yes	583/800 (72.9)
	No	587/799 (73.5)	0.97 (0.78, 1.21)	0.79	-

Note: Data are n (%). CI confidence interval. MUAC mid-upper arm circumference
^aPeripheral parasitaemia during pregnancy, by light microscopy
^bBoth maternal parents from highlands region
^cModel includes 1596 number of observations

ISSN: 1471-2393