Model 1 unadjusted (bivariate) | Model 2 adjusted | Model 3 final adjusted | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | p | CI | OR | p | CI | OR | p | CI | |||||
Independent variable | (Ref. = Primary edu) | ||||||||||||
Women’s education | No education | 0.355 | <.001 | 0.303 | 0.415 | 0.888 | 0.199 | 0.741 | 1.064 | 0.972 | 0.758 | 0.809 | 1.167 |
Secondary or above | 2.064 | <.001 | 1.457 | 2.922 | 0.994 | 0.978 | 0.659 | 1.501 | 0.937 | 0.759 | 0.616 | 1.423 | |
Control variables | |||||||||||||
Age at childbirth | 1.003 | 0.439 | 0.995 | 1.011 | 1.029 | <.001 | 1.018 | 1.041 | 1.017 | 0.012 | 1.004 | 1.031 | |
Household wealth | (Ref. = Poorest) | ||||||||||||
Poorer | 2.476 | <.001 | 2.165 | 2.833 | 2.275 | <.001 | 1.982 | 2.612 | 2.183 | <.001 | 1.900 | 2.508 | |
Middle | 6.927 | <.001 | 5.927 | 8.097 | 4.547 | <.001 | 3.84 | 5.384 | 4.273 | <.001 | 3.604 | 5.067 | |
Richer | 17.985 | <.001 | 14.295 | 22.627 | 7.584 | <.001 | 5.890 | 9.765 | 6.740 | <.001 | 5.220 | 8.702 | |
Richest | 52.422 | <.001 | 36.208 | 75.896 | 18.721 | <.001 | 12.88 | 27.22 | 15.978 | <.001 | 10.944 | 23.327 | |
Parity | (Ref. = 4th or more) | ||||||||||||
First birth | 2.666 | <.001 | 2.330 | 3.050 | 2.256 | <.001 | 1.797 | 2.832 | 1.993 | <.001 | 1.566 | 2.537 | |
Second or third | 1.535 | <.001 | 1.370 | 1.719 | 1.274 | 0.002 | 1.091 | 1.489 | 1.153 | 0.093 | 0.977 | 1.360 | |
Employment | (Ref. = not employed) | 1.095 | 0.115 | 0.978 | 1.225 | 0.788 | <.001 | 0.694 | 0.894 | 0.797 | <.001 | 0.703 | 0.904 |
Household head | (Ref. = not head) | 1.693 | <.001 | 1.261 | 2.274 | 1.166 | 0.367 | 0.835 | 1.627 | 1.154 | 0.409 | 0.821 | 1.624 |
Urban residence | (Ref. = rural) | 10.066 | <.001 | 8.594 | 11.790 | 3.032 | <.001 | 2.526 | 3.640 | 2.854 | <.001 | 2.377 | 3.426 |
Marital relationship | (Ref. = monogamous) | ||||||||||||
Polygamous as 1st wife | 0.630 | <.001 | 0.533 | 0.744 | 0.772 | 0.006 | 0.641 | 0.929 | 0.814 | 0.030 | 0.676 | 0.980 | |
2nd or lower | 0.648 | <.001 | 0.567 | 0.741 | 0.733 | <.001 | 0.630 | 0.853 | 0.764 | <.001 | 0.656 | 0.889 | |
Having son(s) | (Ref. = no living son) | 0.565 | <.001 | 0.509 | 0.627 | 0.858 | 0.051 | 0.736 | 1.000 | 0.868 | 0.071 | 0.743 | 1.012 |
Perceived difficulty in accessing health care | 0.655 | <.001 | 0.625 | 0.687 | 0.864 | <.001 | 0.825 | 0.905 | 0.865 | <.001 | 0.825 | 0.907 | |
(scored 0–4) | |||||||||||||
Women’s empowerment proxy measures | |||||||||||||
Household decision-making power (0–3) | 1.229 | <.001 | 1.169 | 1.293 | 1.025 | 0.394 | 0.969 | 1.084 | |||||
Perception against violence (0–5) | 1.306 | <.001 | 1.271 | 1.342 | 1.091 | <.001 | 1.059 | 1.124 | |||||
Perception for sex negotiation (0–2) | 1.508 | <.001 | 1.397 | 1.627 | 1.161 | <.001 | 1.064 | 1.267 | |||||
Age at first marriage | 1.131 | <.001 | 1.115 | 1.146 | 1.027 | 0.002 | 1.010 | 1.044 | |||||
Intercept (coefficient) | −1.267 | <.001 | −1.704 | <.001 | |||||||||
Model statistics | |||||||||||||
LR (Chi-square) | 3670.2785 | 3762.405 | |||||||||||
Wald (Chi-square) | 1303.6847 | 1325.9176 | |||||||||||
DF | 16 | 20 | |||||||||||
p | <.001 | <.001 |