Table 1 Characteristics of the sample

Maternal characteristics

Age (years)

29.3 ± 4.8

Nulliparous

319 (45.6)

Ethnic origin

 Europe

335 (47.9)

 South Asia

173 (24.7)

 Middle East

112 (16.0)

 East Asia

35 (5.0)

 South or Central Africa

44 (6.3)

Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m²)

24.6 ± 4.8

Early pregnancy BMI, Visit 1 (kg/m ²)

25.3 ± 4.8

Weight gain, Visit 1-2 (kg/week)

0.51 ± 0.21

Visit 1 (gestational week)

15 ± 3

Visit 2 (gestational week)

29 ± 1

Smoked 3 months prior to pregnancy

123 (17.6)

Smoked during pregnancy

28 (4.0)

Neonatal characteristics

Gestational age at birth (days)

281 ± 9

Female sex

337 (49.7)

Birth weight (g)

3491 ± 498

Neonatal sum of skinfolds (mm) ^a

18.2 ± 3.9

Mean skinfold triceps (mm) ^a

4.4 ± 1.0

Mean skinfold thigh (mm) ^a

5.9 ± 1.4

Mean skinfold suprailiac crest (mm) ^a

3.5 ± 0.9

Mean skinfold subscapular (mm) ^a

4.4 ± 1.1

Maternal glucose and lipids

 Glucose

 Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

  Visit 1

4.4 ± 0.4

  Visit 2

4.4 ± 0.5

 2-hour glucose (mmol/L)

  Visit 2

5.8 ± 1.5

 Gestational diabetes

84 (12.2)

 Lipids

 Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

  Visit 1

5.0 ± 0.9

  Visit 2

6.2 ± 1.1

 HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

  Visit 1

1.73 ± 0.39

  Visit 2

1.93 ± 0.45

  LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

  Visit 1

2.71 ± 0.73

  Visit 2

3.44 ± 0.99

 Triglycerides (mmol/L)

  Visit 1

1.31 ± 0.55

  Visit 2

1.98 ± 0.69