Table 3 Maternal and neonatal outcomes for women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in pregnancy and controls

N = 983

215

447

108

213

Pre-pregnancy folic acid

65%

47%

0.001

55%

43%

0.06

0.10

Maternal outcomes

Preeclampsia

12% (12)

4.3%(19)

.0003

8.3% (9)

8% (17)

1

0.4

Gestational hypertension

20% / 43

10% (45)

.0003

22% (24)

11% (23)

.014

0.8

Emergency section

29% / 92

16% (72)

.0002

17% (18)

15% (32)

.86

0.08

Elective section

30% / 65

15% (67)

.002

36% (39)

19% (40)

.002

0.3

Maternal composite*

46.5%

25%

.08

38%

29%

.16

0.17

Neonatal outcomes

Miscarriage

11%

N/A**

8.3%

N/A**

0.5

Stillbirth

2.8%(6)

0.4% (2)

.027

1.9% (2)

0.9%(2)

.86

0.5

Neonatal deaths

0

0

0

0

Live birth rate

85.6%

99%

.0001

90%

97.7%

.012

0.25

Congenital malformation

4.2% (9)

1.6% (7)

.074

2.8% (3)

1.9% (4)

.90

0.74

Polyhydramnios

10% (22)

1.8% (8)

.001

6.5% (7)

5.6%(12)

.95

0.36

Neonatal hypoglycemia

20% (43)

0.4% (2)

.0001

6.5% (7)

0.5% (1)

0.004

0.002

Hypocalcemia

0

0.2% (1)

1

0

0

1

Neonatal jaundice

6% (13)

5.4%(24)

0.86

8.3% (9)

4.7%(10)

0.29

Shoulder dystocia

2.3% (5)

1.1% (5)

0.39

1% (1)

0.5% (2)

1

Polycythemia

0.9% (2)

0%

0.19

0.9% (1)

0

0.72

Mean (kg)

3.54 ± 0.6

3.54 ± 0.6

1

3.52 ± 0.8

3.54 ± 0.7

1

1

Weight >4 kg (%)

30%

21%

0.03

20%

24%

0.4

0.08

Weight >4.5 kg

6.5%

4%

0.27

8.2%

3.8%

0.16

0.76

Large for gestational age

24%

17%

0.07

20%

22%

0.9

1

Small for gestational age

5.6%

6.5%

0.8

5.6%

6.5%

0.9

1

Delivery < 37 weeks

28% (60)

5.4%(24)

.001

22% (24)

8.5%(18)

.001

0.29

Neonatal Unit care

55%

14%%

.0001

39%

17% (36)

.0001

0.009

Antepartum hemorrhage

0.9% (2)

3% (13)

0.14

0%

3% (6)

0.13

0.8

Postpartum hemorrhage

2.8% (6)

4.9%(22)

0.28

3.7% (4)

4.7%(10)

0.9

0.9

Neonatal composite***

48%

6.5%

.0001

32%

10%

.06

0.008