Table 10 Summary of evidence grading for all interventions during the intrapartum period to prevent stillbirth and perinatal mortality reviewed in this paper
| Â | Evidence of no or negative impact (leave out of programmes) | Uncertain evidence (need for additional research before including in programmes) | Some evidence (may include in programmes, but further evaluation is warranted) | Clear evidence (merits inclusion in programmes) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Instrumental delivery (vacuum vs. forceps) | Â | Â | X (neither method superior, but either or both should be in programs) | Â |
Comprehensive emergency obstetric care packages, including Caesarean section | Â | Â | Â | X |
Induction of labour (vs. expectant management) | Â | Â | Â | X (for post-term pregnancy only) |
Drugs for cervical ripening and induction of labour | Â | X | Â | Â |
Planned Caesarean for breech presentation | Â | Â | X (attendant risks in low-resource settings with poor EOC access) | Â |
Maternal hyperoxygenation for impaired fetal growth | Â | X (some evidence but biodynamics poorly understood) | Â | Â |
Amnioinfusion | Â | X | Â | Â |
Magnesium sulphate for pre-eclampsia/eclampsia and pre-term labour | Â | X | Â | Â |