Table 6 Impact of smokeless tobacco on stillbirths and perinatal mortality
From: Reducing stillbirths: behavioural and nutritional interventions before and during pregnancy
Source | Location, Type of Study | Intervention | Stillbirths/Perinatal Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|
Observational studies | |||
Gupta and Subramoney 2006 [47] | India. Population-based. Cohort study. N = 1110 pregnant women. | Compared the impact on stillbirths of women using smokeless tobacco (exposed) vs. non-users (unexposed). | SBR: adj. HR = 2.6 (95% CI: 1.4 – 4.8). [18/202 (8.9%) vs. 28/908 (3.1%) among exposed and unexposed groups, respectively]. |
Krishna 1978 [48] | India (Pune). Hospital-based. Cross-sectional study. N = 1388 singleton births. | Analyzed the impact on stillbirths of pregnant women who were tobacco chewers vs. non-users. | SBR: 3 times higher risk among tobacco users vs. controls. |
Shah et al. 2000 [49] | India. Multicentre, hospital-based. Case-control study. | Compared the impact on perinatal mortality of women using tobacco vs. non-users. | PMR: 1.5 times higher risk (95% CI: 1.3 – 1.7). |