Table 5 Interventions to prevent stillbirth reviewed (Papers 2 [9], 3 [10] and 4 [11])

Family and community norms and behaviours

Prevention of female genital mutilation and management of pregnant women with FGM

Birth spacing

Reduction of exposure to indoor air pollution

Smoking cessation

Reduction of exposure to smokeless tobacco

Antenatal care

Nutritional support during pregnancy

Periconceptional folic acid supplementation

Iron supplementation

Multiple micronutrient supplementation

Vitamin A/beta-carotene supplementation

Magnesium supplementation for deficient states

Balanced protein-energy supplementation

Management of hypertension in pregnancy

‧Pregnancy-induced hypertension management: calcium and anti-hypertensives

‧Anti-platelet agents in pregnancy

Heparin and other anti-coagulants

Anti-oxidants

Management of intrahepatic cholestasis

Plasma exchange

Cervical cerclage

Infection control and treatment

Syphilis screening and treatment

Antibiotics and anti-sepsis for high-risk pregnancies (asymptomatic bacteriuria, bacterial vaginosis and GBS colonisation)

Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes

Anti-helminthics

Prophylactic anti-malarials

Insecticide-treated nets

Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV

Periodontal care

Advanced monitoring and care during pregnancy (Paper 4 [11])

Identification and care of high-risk pregnancies

Pregnancy risk screening

Fetal movement monitoring

Ultrasound scanning

Doppler monitoring in high-risk pregnancy

Pelvimetry

Detection and management of maternal diabetes mellitus

Advanced monitoring in pregnancy

Antepartum fetal heart rate monitoring with cardiotocography

Fetal biophysical test scoring

Vibroacoustic stimulation

Amniotic fluid volume assessment

Home versus hospital bed rest and monitoring for high risk pregnancies

In-hospital fetal surveillance unit

Monitoring during the intrapartum period

Use of the partograph

Cardiotocography with or without pulse oximetry