Table 1 Design characteristics of observational studies of glycated haemoglobin and pregnancy outcomes.
Author | Country | Study Design | Time Period | Sample size (n) | Glycaemic Control Groupings (n) (HbA 1c unless stated) | Timing of Glycaemic Control Measurement | Outcomes (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vaarasmaki et al, 2000 [26] | Finland | Cohort | 1986–1995 | 84 | Optimal < 8.0% (n = 48) Poor > 8.0% (n = 36) | First antenatal visit 20 and 28th week Before delivery | Malformations (n = 4) Caesarean section (n = 34) Stillbirth (n = 1) NICU (n = 39) Neonatal hypoglycaemia(n = 11) RDS (n = 5) |
Greene et al, 1989 [23] | US | Cohort | Dec.5th 1983–Dec.31st 1987 | 303 | Optimal ≤ 9.3% (n = 113) Poor ≥ 9.4% (n = 190) (Data based on HbA1) | 1st trimester | Malformations (n = 20) Spontaneous abortion (n = 52) |
Evers et al, 2004 [16] | Netherlands | Cohort | April 1st 1999 – April 1st 2000 | 261 | Optimal ≤ 7.0% (n = 212) Poor ≥ 7.0% (n = 71) | 1st trimester | Malformations (n = 29) |
Key et al, 1987 [19]. | US | Cohort | Jan.1st 1979 – Dec.31st 1984 | 83 | Optimal <7.5% (n = 8) Poor ≥ 7.5% (n = 75) | 1st trimester | Malformations (n = 9) Spontaneous abortion (n = 22) |
Temple et al, 2002 [7] | UK | Cohort | Jan. 1991–Dec. 2000 | 158 | Optimal < 7.5% (n = 110) Poor ≥ 7.5% (n = 48) | 1st trimester booking | Malformations (n = 5) Stillbirth (n = 2) Spontaneous abortion (n = 11) Neonatal death (n = 2) |
Kitzmiller et al, 1991 [22] | USA | Cohort | 1982–1988 | 194 | Optimal ≤ 7.6% (n = 53) Poor > 7.6% (n = 141) | 1st trimester booking visit | Malformations (n = 13) |
Ylinen et al, 1984 [21] | Finland | Cohort | April 1978–Dec. 1982 | 142 | Optimal ≤ 7.9% (n = 63) Poor >7.9% (n = 79) | Before 16 weeks gestation | Malformations (n = 17) |
CEMACH, 2005 [25] | England, Wales & Northern Ireland | Descriptive Cohort | March 1st 2002–Feb 28th 2003 | 2459 | Optimal < 7% (n = 962) Poor ≥ 7% (n = 1497) | 1st trimester | Malformations (n = 101) Stillbirths or neonatal deaths (n = 67) |
Hiilesmaa et al, 2000 [17] | Finland | Case-Control | 1988 – 1997 | 587 | Optimal ≤ 6.8% (n = 195) Poor > 6.8% (n = 392) | Early pregnancy | Pre-eclampsia (n = 77) PIH (n = 65) |
Hanson et al, 1990 [24] | Sweden | Case-Control | 1982–1985 | 532 | Optimal < 10.1% (n = 490) Poor ≥ 10.1% (n = 42) | 1st trimester | Spontaneous abortion (n = 41) Malformation (n = 21) |
Diabetes and Pregnancy Group, France 2003 [15] | France | Cross-sectional | Jan. 2000 – Dec. 2001 | 435 | Optimal < 8.0% (n = 315) Poor > 8.0% (n = 120) | 1st trimester | Malformations (n = 18) Perinatal mortality (n = 19) Preterm delivery (n = 147) |
Miller et al, 1981 [18] | US | Case-series | April 1977 – April 1980 | 116 | Optimal ≤ 8.5% (n = 58) Poor ≥ 8.6% (n = 58) | Initial value | Malformations (n = 15) |
Wender-Ozegowska et al, 2005 [20] | Poland | Case-Series | 1st Jan. 1994–31st Jan. 1999 | 126 | Optimal ≤ 5.6% (n = 43) Poor > 5.6% (n = 83) | 1st trimester | Malformations (n = 14) |