Table 3 Factors associated with quality of antenatal care services in Nepal
Study variables | Total number of women | Number of women who had good quality ANC (%) | Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | P | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women’s age at birth of child (Mean, SD) | 24.7 | 24.2 (4.86) |  |  |  | 0.041 |
With each ten years increase in women's age | Linear | Â | 0.82 (0.67 to 1.00) | 0.045 | 1.46 (1.08 to 1.97) | 0.013 |
Quadratic | Â | 0.72 (0.58 to 0.90) | 0.004 | Â | Â | |
Women’s education |  |  |  | <0.001 |  | 0.057 |
No education | 1372 | 179 (13.1) | 1 (Referent category) | Â | 1 (Referent category) | Â |
Primary education | 714 | 138 (19.3) | 1.60 (1.16 to 2.20) | Â | 1.16 (0.81 to 1.68) | Â |
Secondary education | 1172 | 415 (35.4) | 3.65 (2.64 to 5.05) | Â | 1.58 (1.09 to 2.28) | Â |
Tertiary education | 262 | 121 (46.2) | 5.72 (3.79 to 8.62) | Â | 1.53 (0.97 to 2.41) | Â |
Wealth quintile to which the women’s household belonged |  |  |  | <0.001 |  | 0.001 |
Poorest | 657 | 55 (8.3) | 1 (Referent category) | Â | 1 (Referent category) | Â |
Poorer | 733 | 98 (13.3) | 1.69 (1.11 to 2.57) | Â | 1.40 (0.90 to 2.19) | Â |
Middle | 792 | 169 (21.3) | 2.98 (1.95 to 4.56) | Â | 1.90 (1.18 to 3.06) | Â |
Richer | 701 | 256 (36.6) | 6.34 (4.12 to 9.73) | Â | 2.86 (1.74 to 4.71) | Â |
Richest | 637 | 276 (43.3) | 8.40 (5.44 to 12.98) | Â | 2.88 (1.70 to 4.89) | Â |
Whether women participated in at least one of the three decisions regarding their own health care, major household purchases and visit to their family or relatives | Â | Â | Â | 0.043 | - | - |
No | 2059 | 467 (22.7) | 1 (Referent category) | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 1461 | 386 (26.4) | 1.22 (1.01 to 1.49) | Â | Â | Â |
Whether women were exposed to any of the three general media (radio, television or newspaper/magazines) at least once a week | Â | Â | Â | 0.329 | - | - |
Not exposed | 1334 | 340 (14.6) | 1 (Referent category) | Â | Â | Â |
Exposed | 2186 | 514 (9.7) | 0.90 (0.72 to 1.12) | Â | Â | Â |
Parity (Mean, SD) | 2.4 | 1.9 (2.00) | Â | <0.001 | Â | <.001 |
With each unit increase in live birth | Â | Â | 0.69 (0.63 to 0.75) | Â | 0.79 (0.70 to 0.88) | Â |
History of previous pregnancies | Â | Â | Â | 0.016 | - | - |
No complications in previous pregnancies | 2978 | 750 (25.2) | 1 (Referent category) | Â | Â | Â |
Complications in previous pregnancies | 542 | 104 (19.2) | 0.71 (0.53 to 0.94) | Â | Â | Â |
Use of modern family planning | Â | Â | Â | 0.044 | Â | 0.045 |
No | 2337 | 595 (25.5) | 1 (Referent category) | Â | 1 (Referent category) | Â |
Yes | 1183 | 258 (21,8) | 0.82 (0.67 to 0.99) | Â | 0.79 (0.62 to 0.99) | Â |
Ecological zones where women resided | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 | - | - |
Terai | 1956 | 551 (28.2) | 1 (Referent category) | Â | Â | Â |
Hill | 1328 | 262 (19.7) | 0.63 (0.45 to 0.87) | Â | Â | Â |
Mountain | 237 | 41 (17.3) | 0.53 (0.36 to 0.78) | Â | Â | Â |
Residence | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | 0.013 |
Rural | 3128 | 722 (23.1) | 1 (Referent category) | Â | Â | Â |
Urban | 392 | 132 (33.7) | 1.69 (1.29 to 2.20) | Â | 1.52 (1.09 to .2.12) | Â |
Place where women received antenatal care | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | 0.005 |
Government Hospital | 605 | 210 (34.7) | 1 (Referent category) | Â | 1 (Referent category) | Â |
Home | 43 | 1 (2.8) | 0.05 (0.01 to 0.39) | Â | 0.25 (0.03 to 2.08) | Â |
Government PHC Centre | 287 | 79 (27.6) | 0.72 (0.46 to 1.11) | Â | 0.85 (0.52 to 1.37) | Â |
Government Health Post | 430 | 54 (12.6) | 0.27 (0.18 to 0.41) | Â | 0.44 (0.28 to 0.68) | Â |
Government Sub Health Post | 877 | 88 (10.0) | 0.21 (0.14 to 0.32) | Â | 0.67 (0.40 to 1.11) | Â |
Government PHC Outreach | 269 | 30 (11.1) | 0.23 (0.11 to 0.48) | Â | 0.94 (0.50 to 1.77) | Â |
Private Hospital/Clinic | 860 | 322 (37.4) | 1.12 (0.84 to 1.51) | Â | 0.85 (0.62 to 1.17) | Â |
NGO | 136 | 68 (49.8) | 1.86 (1.15 to 3.01) | Â | 1.60 (1.02 to 2.52) | Â |
Others | 13 | 2 (12.7) | 0.27 (0.07 to 1.03) | Â | 0.55 (0.10 to 3.07) | Â |
Health worker who provided the women with antenatal care | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 | Â | <0.001 |
Doctor | 1115 | 462 (41.5) | 1 (Referent category) | Â | 1 (Referent category) | Â |
Female Community Health Volunteer | 38 | 1 (1.5) | 0.02 (0.00 to 0.10) | Â | 0.10 (0.01 to 0.62) | Â |
Village Health Worker | 56 | 1 (1.5) | 0.02 (0.00 to 0.16) | Â | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.29) | Â |
Maternal and Child Health Worker | 534 | 25 (4.7) | 0.07 (0.03 to 0.16) | Â | 0.16 (0.07 to 0.41) | Â |
Health Assistant/Auxilliary Health Worker | 475 | 35 (7.5) | 0.11 (0.07 to 0.20) | Â | 0.25 (0.13 to 0.46) | Â |
Nurse/Midwife | 1301 | 329 (25.3) | 0.48 (0.39 to 0.59) | Â | 0.74 (0.58 to 0.94) | Â |