Table 3 Bivariate analyses (Chi-squared tests) for potential explanatory variables (n = 999)
|  |  | Caesarean or operative delivery | Percent of deliveries with caesarean or operative delivery | Chi-squared test (significance p < 0.2) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Â | No | Yes | Â | Â |
Proximate indicators of ‘supportive care during labour’ | |||||
Attendance of midwives | ≥ 45.60% | 433 | 66 | 13.2 | <.001*** |
< 45.59% | 377 | 123 | 24.6 | ||
Workload of midwives | 1:1 | 113 | 14 | 11.0 | .010* |
Less than 1:1 | 697 | 175 | 20.1 | ||
Outpatient care | Yes | 425 | 96 | 18.4 | .678 |
No | 385 | 93 | 19.5 | ||
Supportive procedures | Yes | 696 | 170 | 19.6 | .131 |
No | 114 | 19 | 14.3 | ||
Attendance of a midwifery student | Yes | 355 | 119 | 25.1 | <.001*** |
No | 455 | 70 | 13.3 | ||
Attendance of an obstetrician | Yes | 511 | 189 | 27.0 | <.001*** |
No | 299 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
Shift changes | Yes | 440 | 158 | 26.4 | <.001*** |
No | 370 | 31 | 7.7 | ||
Satisfaction with the presence of midwives | Yes | 679 | 130 | 16.1 | <.001*** |
No | 84 | 53 | 38.7 | ||
Partner support helpful | Yes | 604 | 152 | 20.1 | .281 |
No | 155 | 31 | 16.7 | ||
Midwife-led care | Yes | 452 | 85 | 15.8 | .007** |
No | 358 | 104 | 22.5 | ||
Hospital | A | 134 | 18 | 11.8 | <.001*** |
B | 187 | 28 | 13.0 | ||
C | 190 | 38 | 16.7 | ||
D | 299 | 105 | 26.0 | ||
Admission during daytime | Yes | 392 | 87 | 18.2 | .558 |
No | 418 | 102 | 19.6 | ||
Birth during daytime | Yes | 472 | 111 | 19.0 | .908 |
No | 338 | 78 | 18.8 | ||
Parturient-specific variables | |||||
Parity | Primipara | 481 | 180 | 27.2 | <.001*** |
Multipara | 329 | 9 | 2.7 | ||
Time span from admission to labour | ≤ 385 min. | 472 | 29 | 5.8 | <.001*** |
> 386Â min. | 338 | 160 | 32.1 | ||
Epidural/opiates | Yes | 248 | 141 | 36.2 | <.001*** |
No | 562 | 48 | 7.9 | ||
Induction of labour | Yes | 88 | 35 | 28.5 | .006** |
No | 722 | 154 | 17.6 | ||
Oxytocin | Yes | 309 | 151 | 32.8 | <.001*** |
No | 501 | 38 | 7.1 | ||
Newborn weight | ≤ 3,470 g | 329 | 89 | 21.3 | .406 |
> 3,471Â g | 333 | 78 | 19.0 | ||
Childbirth preparation class | Yes | 597 | 174 | 22.6 | <.001*** |
No | 166 | 9 | 5.1 | ||
Socio-demographic variables | |||||
Health insurance | Public | 711 | 158 | 18.2 | .285 |
Private | 37 | 12 | 24.5 | ||
Age | 18-29 | 344 | 65 | 15.9 | .131 |
30-34 | 293 | 85 | 22.5 | ||
35-39 | 135 | 31 | 18.7 | ||
≥ 40 | 38 | 8 | 17.4 | ||
Income | ≤ 1,356.52 € | 330 | 36 | 9.8 | <.001*** |
> 1,356.53 € | 389 | 133 | 25.5 | ||
Educational Level | School without apprenticeship | 42 | 2 | 4.5 | .002** |
Apprenticeship | 419 | 88 | 17.4 | ||
Academic | 279 | 84 | 23.1 | ||