Table 3 Adjusted odds ratios with 95% Confidence intervals showing the association between education, income, residence and parity, and less than four antenatal visits and lack of skilled attendant among Ghanaian women 15–49 years from 1988 to 2008 presented in years intervals
Variables | Less than four antenatal visits | Lack of skilled attendant at birth | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted* OR 95% CI | Adjusted* OR (95% CI) | ||||||||
1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 | 1988 | 1993 | 1998 | 2003 | 2008 | |
Residence | |||||||||
Urban | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Rural | 3.5 (2.7-4.5) | 2.3 (1.7-3.1) | 2.4 (1.7-3.2) | 1.5 (1.1-2.1) | 4.4 (3.4-5.8) | 8.3 (6.4-10.6) | 4.3 (3.3-5.6) | 3.0 (2.4-3.9) | 2.4 (1.9-3.2) |
Highest educational level | |||||||||
No education | 10.4 (4.7-23.2) | 10.7 (4.4-25.7) | 4.4 (2.0-9.4) | 2.2 (1.2-4.4) | 5.1 (2.9-9.0) | 6.7 (3.6-12.2) | 6.7 (3.7-11.8) | 6.3 (3.4-11.4) | 3.8 (2.3-6.4) |
Basic education | 4.4 (2.0-9.7) | 5.5 (2.3-13.0) | 2.6 (1.2-5.5) | 1.5 (0.8-2.9) | 2.2 (1.3-3.8) | 2.2 (1.3-4.0) | 2.6 (1.5-4.6) | 3.2 (1.8-5.8) | 1.9 (1.1-3.1) |
Secondary + | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Income level | No data | No data | |||||||
Low income | 1.5 (1.2-1.9) | 2.3 (1.6-3.2) | 3.5 (2.3-5.3) | 1.7 (1.3-2.3) | 1.6 (1.2-2.0) | 4.3 (3.3-5.7) | 4.5 (3.3-5.9) | ||
Average income | 1.2 (0.9-1.6) | 2.3 (1.7-3.2) | 2.8 (1.9-4.2) | 1.3 (0.9-1.7) | 1.1 (0.9-1.5) | 2.7 (2.1-3.6) | 2.1 (1.6-2.9) | ||
High income | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
Parity | |||||||||
Nulliparous | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Para 1-3 | 1.1 (0.8-1.6) | 1.5 (1.1-2.1) | 1.3 (1.0-1.8) | 1.8 (1.3-2.6) | 1.6 (1.1-2.3) | 1.8 (1.3-2.5) | 1.9 (1.3-2.6) | 1.8 (1.3-2.4) | 1.5 (1.1-2.1) |
Para 4+ | 1.3 (0.9-1.9) | 2.0 (1.3-3.1) | 2.3 (1.6-3.4) | 3.5 (2.2-5.7) | 1.6 (1.0-2.7) | 2.0 (1.3-3.1) | 3.5 (2.3-5.5) | 2.6 (1.8-3.8) | 2.2 (1.4-3.3) |