From: Incidence of and risk factors for perineal trauma: a prospective observational study
 | Hospital | FMU | Homebirth | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nullip = 1,151 | Nullip = 109 | Nullip = 42 | |||||||
Multip = 1,204 | Multip = 179 | Multip = 69 | |||||||
Number with outcome | Number with outcome | Number with outcome | |||||||
n | % | 95% CI | n | % | 95% CI | n | % | 95% CI | |
Intact perineum | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Nullip | 100 | 8.6 | 7.1, 10.3 | 19 | 17.4 | 10.3, 24.6 | 6 | 14.3 | 3.6, 25.0 |
Multip | 343 | 28.5 | 26.0, 31.0 | 71 | 39.7 | 32.5, 46.9 | 39 | 56.5 | 44.7, 68.3 |
Labial tear | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Nullip | 219 | 19.0 | 16.8, 21.3 | 27 | 24.8 | 16.6, 33.0 | 12 | 28.6 | 14.7, 42.4 |
Multip | 148 | 12.3 | 10.4, 14.2 | 30 | 16.8 | 11.3, 22.2 | 5 | 7.2 | 1.1, 13.4 |
Tear of vaginal wall only | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Nullip | 62 | 5.4 | 4.1, 6.7 | 8 | 7.3 | 2.4, 12.3 | 2 | 4.8 | 0.0, 11.3 |
Multip* | 48 | 4.0 | 2.9, 5.1 | 11 | 6.2 | 2.7, 9.7 | 1 | 1.5 | 0.0, 4.3 |
First degree | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Nullip | 63 | 5.5 | 4.2, 6.8 | 18 | 16.5 | 9.5, 23.6 | 7 | 16.7 | 5.3, 28.1 |
Multip | 147 | 12.2 | 10.4, 14.1 | 33 | 18.4 | 12.7, 24.0 | 11 | 15.9 | 7.2, 24.7 |
Second degree | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Nullip | 404 | 35.1 | 32.3, 37.9 | 38 | 34.8 | 25.9, 43.9 | 12 | 29.0 | 14.7, 42.4 |
Multip | 461 | 38.3 | 35.5, 41.0 | 44 | 24.6 | 18.3, 31.0 | 14 | 20.3 | 10.7, 29.9 |
Third degree (a, b, c) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Nullip | 69 | 6.0 | 4.7, 7.5 | 2 | 1.8 | 0, 4.4 | 3 | 7.1 | 0, 15.0 |
Multip | 29 | 2.4 | 1.6, 3.4 | 1 | 0.6 | 0, 1.7 | 0 | 0 | na |
Fourth degree | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Nullip | 4 | 0.3 | 0.0, 0.7 | 0 | 0 | na | 0 | 0 | Na |
Multip | 2 | 0.2 | 0.0, 0.4 | 0 | 0 | na | 0 | 0 | na |
Episiotomy | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Nullip | 364 | 31.6 | 30.0, 34.3 | 7 | 6.4 | 1.7, 11.5 | 1 | 2.4 | 0.0, 7.1 |
Multip | 84 | 7.0 | 5.5, 8.4 | 0 | 0 | na | 0 | 0 | na |
Episiotomy plus 3 rd or 4 th degree tear | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Nullip | 34 | 0.4 | 0.1, 0.9 | 0 | 0 | na | 0 | 0 | na |
Multip | 5 | 0.0 | 2.0, 4.1 | 0 | 0 | na | 0 | 0 | na |
Extensive tear (any 3 rd or 4 th degree tear with/without episiotomy) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Nullip | 81 | 7.0 | 5.6, 8.5 | 2 | 1.8 | 0, 4.4 | 3 | 7.1 | 0, 15.0 |
Multip | 32 | 2.7 | 1.7, 3.6 | 1 | 0.6 | 0, 1.7 | 0 | 0 | na |