Table 1 Showing categories and meaning units derived from the transcripts

Categories

Women deliver from home or under unskilled care get difficult delivery and genital injury

-Leaking urine

-Delivery from home

(Address birth injury)

-Poor

-Delivery from birth attendants

-Deliver from hospital to avoid difficult delivery and therefore birth injury

-Injury to bladder

-Abandoned

Leaking urine from childbirth injury

Condition related to difficult childbirth

-Always wet

-Sexual violence and rape with injury to genitalia

-Care taken by doctors during surgical operation to ensure no bladder or genital injury

-Must use pads

-Persistent smell

-Can mot move out without padding herself

-Woman is always wet and uses pads

-Operative delivery

-Operation by unskilled health workers

-Woman covers herself with sacs

-Deliver with a skilled attendant to avoid prolonged labor and birth injury

-Woman leaves a patch of wetness where she has been seated

-Manipulation –

-Unskilled birth attendants

-Examine genital tract after delivery or operation to identify tears

-Rude health care providers

Misfortune

-Mother loses baby

-Adverse childbirth complications

-Bewitched

(Address misfortune)

-Poverty

-Married young

-Not educated

Prevent early marriage

-Gods unhappy

-Mother is isolated

-Address poverty

-Educate girls

-Difficult labor

-Baby dies

-Mother always smells urine

-Mother abandoned

-Mother gets permanent injury

-Rape and physical violence

Stigma

Mother isolated

-Mother isolated

-Had induced abortion

Address stigma of fistula

-Mother suffers ridicule

-Mother suffers ridicule

-Had sex during menses

-Address misconceptions

-Abandoned by relatives

-Loses marriage

-Abandoned by relatives or family

-Loses marriage

-Venereal disease

-Health education campaigns targeting men