Dykes & Williams 1999 UK [34]
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Longitudinal, phenomenological study
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Northern England,
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- Explore women’s experience of expressing particularly perception of adequacy of milk supply
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- Beliefs re. adequacy of breast milk supply influenced by interplay of feeding management, infant behaviour, lactation physiology and maternal mental health.
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Small mono-cultural group
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n = 10
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1998
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Postnatal primiparas recruited face-to-face in hospital, home visits at 6, 8 &12 weeks
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Binns et al. 2006 Australia [2]
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Longitudinal cohort
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Perth, Western Australia
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- Explore determinants of breastfeeding
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- Early breastfeeding difficulties,
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Comparison of similar groups 10 years apart
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PIFS I n = 556
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- Measure and compare prevalence in expressing
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- Engorgement, sore nipples, mastitis
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Mainly women who expressed to manage breastfeeding difficulties
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1992–93
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- Feed to be given by someone else
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Public patients only, perhaps not representative
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PIFS II n = 587
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- To store extra milk
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2002–03
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- Father to feed
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Recruited in hospital in early post-partum period.
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- To increase supply
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- Feeding/attachment problems
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- To get baby to drink from a bottle
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- Just to try it out
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Labiner-Wolfe et al. 2008 USA [3]
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Longitudinal cohort
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National study
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- Reasons why women express
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- to allow someone else to feed
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Large sample
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n = 3606
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- Amount and prevalence of milk expression
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- maternal employment
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Not nationally representative Participants older, more likely to be educated, white, employed, higher income
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2005–2007
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- Associated socio-demographic factors
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- to have an emergency milk supply
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from IFPS II
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- no previous breastfeeding experience
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- geographic location (Midwest Vs. West)
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- embarrassed to breastfeed in public
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Buckley 2009 USA [33]
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Focus groups
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Washington, DC
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- Ascertain lactation consultant’s beliefs and experiences re. impact of breast pumps on breastfeeding practice
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- Technological birth contributes to technological breastfeeding
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Exploration of professional attitudes to change in feeding practice -no previous exploration of this area
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n = 12
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- Engorgement, plugged ducts, to increase supply, to stimulate the let-down reflex, to pull out inverted nipples.
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Small sample size
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Lactation consultants
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- Return to work
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Volunteer participants
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Purposeful sampling
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- Measuring milk, diminished confidence in ability to provide enough milk
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Date of study not indicated
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Clemons & Amir 2010 Australia [5]
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Cross-sectional
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State-wide study, Victoria
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- Prevalence of breast milk expression
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- Premature baby/sick mother or baby
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Large study
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n = 903
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- Demographic characteristics of women who express, why and how they do it
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- Attachment problems/not drinking well
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Possible selection bias (members of ABA)
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2008
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- Women’s experience of using breast pumps
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- Advised
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Timing of questionnaire, possible recall bias
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Online questionnaire sent to Australian Breastfeeding Association (ABA) members who had an email address
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- Not enough milk/To store extra milk
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- Nipple pain
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- Engorged breasts/mastitis
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- So someone else can feed baby
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- Maternal work
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- Just to try it out
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- To allow mother to drink alcohol
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- Uncomfortable breastfeeding in public
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Geraghty et al. 2012 USA [29]
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Prospective longitudinal cohort
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Cincinnati
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- Duration of breast milk feeding
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- Planned return to work by 6 months
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Prospective design
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n = 60
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- Describe who commences expressing early
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Small study
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2004–2007
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Recruitment of women who planned to breastfeed for 6 months or more
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recruited face to face
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Mothers recruited for study knew they were going to be assisted to pump and may have been more likely to be comfortable with this.
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Possible introduction of bias as weekly collection of breast milk was initiated at 1 week by research nurse using an electric breast pump
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