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Table 3 Effect of antenatal care visits on knowledge, attitude and practice scores among pregnant women in rural Kenya, adjusted for covariates

From: Health and nutrition knowledge, attitudes and practices of pregnant women attending and not-attending ANC clinics in Western Kenya: a cross-sectional analysis

Characteristics

Health knowledge1§

Nutrition knowledge2§

Preventive attitude score3§

Dietary diversity score4§

Un-adjusted

Adjusted

Un-adjusted

Adjusted

Un-adjusted

Adjusted

Un-adjusted

Adjusted

β (SE)

β (SE)

β (SE)

β (SE)

β (SE)

β (SE)

β (SE)

β (SE)

Intercept

-

4.66 (0.30)

-

2.124 (0.33)

-

5.90 (0.38)

-

3.65 (0.37)

Age, yrs

0.04 (0.01)***

0.025 (0.01)**

0.04 (0.01)***

0.04 (0.01)***

0.0 (0.01)

-

-0.01 (0.01)

-0.02 (0.01)**

Number of ANC clinic visits

 None

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 <4 visits

0.12 (0.12)

0.35 (0.14)*

0.04 (0.13)

-0.17 (0.14)

0.26 (0.15)

0.23 (0.15)

-0.04 (0.10)

-0.09 (0.10)

 ≥4 visits

0.57 (0.18)**

0.89 (0.21)***

-0.03 (0.20)

-0.11 (0.21)

0.27 (0.23)

0.14 (0.22)

0.20 (0.15)

0.26 (0.14)

Gestational age

 1st trimester

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

-

Reference

-

 2nd trimester

-0.21 (0.16)

-0.34 (0.17)*

0.29 (0.18)

0.32 (0.17)

0.01 (0.21)

-

0.06 (0.13)

-

 3rd trimester

-0.18 (0.16)

-0.52 (0.19)**

0.11 (0.18)

0.31 (0.19)

0.03 (0.20)

-

0.01 (0.13)

-

Mother’s education level

 Less than primary

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Primary school complete

0.26 (0.13)*

0.26 (0.13)*

0.83 (0.13)***

0.821 (0.13)**

0.21 (0.16)

0.03 (0.16)

0.21 (0.11)*

0.15 (0.10)

 Above primary school

0.57 (0.14)***

0.51 (0.14)**

2.26 (0.14)***

2.132 (0.14)**

0.83 (0.17)***

0.43 (0.19)*

0.52 (0.11)***

0.40 (0.12)**

Marital status

 Single

Reference

Reference

Reference

-

Reference

-

-

-

 Married

0.68 (0.18)**

0.26 (0.20)

0.08 (0.21)

-

-0.14 (0.23)

-

-

-

 Separated/Divorced

-0.38 (0.49)

-0.75 (0.48)

-0.70 (0.55)

-

-0.88 (0.62)

-

-

-

Wealth index

1.91 (0.83)*

0.88 (0.88)

4.05 (0.93)***

-0.13 (0.87)

0.98 (1.05)

-0.85 (1.09)

4.60 (0.67)***

3.90 (0.71)***

Agricultural activity and selling agriculture products

 Not involved in agriculture/selling products

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 Secondary activity, not selling agri products

0.66 (0.29)*

-

0.16 (0.32)

-

0.38 (0.38)

0.20 (0.36)

0.22 (0.24)

0.20 (0.24)

 Principal activity, not selling agri. products

0.74 (0.23)**

-

0.06 (0.25)

-

-0.13 (0.28)

-0.21 (0.28)

-0.10 (0.19)

0.16 (0.19)

 Secondary activity and selling products

0.65 (0.26)*

-

0.18 (0.28)

-

1.1 (0.32)**

0.93 (0.32)**

-0.49 (0.21)*

-0.24 (0.21)

 Principal activity and selling products

0.44 (0.26)

-

-0.35 (0.29)

-

-0.42 (0.32)

-0.45 (0.33)

-0.45 (0.21)*

-0.19 (0.21)

Income generating activities

 Not involved

Reference

Reference

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

Reference

 Involved in one activity

0.26 (0.12)*

0.17 (0.12)

0.02 (0.14)

-

-0.04 (0.16)

-

0.10 (0.10)

0.19 (0.10)

 Involved in two activities

046 (0.17)**

0.37 (0.17)*

0.16 (0.19)

-

-0.09 (0.21)

-

0.51 (0.14)**

0.64 (0.14)***

 Involved in three activities

0.67 (0.47)

0.32 (0.46)

1.00 (0.53)

-

-0.28 (0.60)

-

0.84 (0.39)*

0.77 (0.37)*

Radio use

 Do not listen

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

-

Reference

Reference

Irregularly

-0.31 (0.24)

-0.36 (0.24)

-0.22 (0.27)

-0.25 (0.24)

0.19 (0.30)

-

0.77 (0.20)***

0.58 (0.20)*

 At least once per week

-0.00 (0.23)

-0.07 (0.23)

-0.31 (0.26)

-0.21 (0.23)

0.35 (0.30)

-

0.33 (0.19)

0.33 (0.19)

 Everyday

0.42 (0.19)*

0.19 (0.19)

0.45 (0.21)*

0.21 (0.19)

0.02 (0.24)

-

0.65 (0.15)***

0.46 (0.16)*

Nutrition knowledge

-

-

-

-

0.17 (0.04)***

0.09 (0.04)*

  

Health knowledge

-

-

-

-

0.18 (0.04)***

0.14 (0.04)**

-0.02 (0.03)

-0.05 (0.03)

Attitude score

-

-

-

-

-

-

0.01 (0.02)

-

  1. §Unadjusted model signify the bivariate association between dependent and independent variables alone. Whereas, adjusted analysis is a reduces model taking into account all covariates that showed a significant association.
  2. 1 n = 23 observations excluded in the analysis due to missing values in ANC attendance (n = 15), gestational age (n = 7), and maternal education (n = 1); R2 = 0.08.
  3. 2 n = 23 excluded from analysis due to missing values in ANC attendance (n = 15), gestational age (n = 7), and maternal education (n = 1); R2 = 0.26.
  4. 3 n = 24 values not used in regression analysis due to missing values in ANC attendance (n = 15), gestational age (n = 7), maternal education (n = 1), and health knowledge score (n = 1); R2 = 0.10.
  5. 4 n = 24 observations excluded in the analysis due to missing values in ANC attendance (n = 15), gestational age (n = 7), maternal education (n = 1), and health knowledge score (n = 1); R2 = 0.12.
  6. *** p significant at a two-sided alpha of <0.0001; **p-value significant at a two-sided alpha of <0.01; *p-value significant at a two-sided alpha of <0.05.
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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

ISSN: 1471-2393

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