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Table 8 Delivery factors associated with amniotic fluid embolism

From: Amniotic fluid embolism incidence, risk factors and outcomes: a review and recommendations

 

Australia (NSW)

Canada

Netherlands

UK

US

Delivery

     

Mode of delivery

     

(baseline group normal vaginal delivery)

caesarean section After labour RR 48.5 (6.1-380)

Without labour RR 8.1 (0.7-89)

caesarean section Cephalic aOR 12.5 (7.9-19.9)

Non-cephalic aOR 8.6 (4.3-17.4)

caesarean section RR 2.2 (0.5-11.1)

Cases occurring post delivery only

caesarean section aOR≈ 20.3 (4.3-95.3)

caesarean section aOR 5.7 (3.7-8.7)

 

instrumental

RR 36.0 (4.4-300)

Forceps aOR 5.9 (3.4-10.3)

Vacuum aOR 2.9 (1.6-5.3)

Vacuum RR 1.5 (0.2-12.3)

Forceps or vacuum aOR≈ 11.6 (1.7-79.8)

Forceps aOR 4.3 (1.9-7.6)

Vacuum aOR 1.9 (1.0-3.7)

 

vaginal breech birth

RR 151 (9.4-2400)

  

All cases

Caesarean section aORÂ¥ 23.3 (7.8-69.7)

Forceps or vacumm aORÂ¥ 8.9 (2.0-39.5)

 

Manual removal of placenta (vaginal births)

RR 19.4 (3.9-96)

*

*

*

*

Macrosomia

*

aOR 1.6 (0.9-3.0)

*

OR 2.4 (0.7-8.1)

*

Gestational age

< 37 weeks

RR 1.9 (0.4-8.6)

37-40 weeks

1.0 (referent)

≥ 41 weeks

RR 1.7 (0.6-4.8)

> 42 weeks

aOR 1.4 (0.9-2.3)

< 37 weeks

RR 9.7 (2.3-40.8)

> 42 weeks

RR 3.2 (0.4-25.8)

≥ 41 weeks

aOR≠ 0.4 (0.2-1)

*

  1. RR = Relative Risk, aOR = adjusted Odds Ratio
  2. * No data or no accurate or limited data
  3. ≈ Adjusted for age, parity, smoking status, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, bmi, placenta praevia, placenta abruption, labour induction, postdates and mode of delivery
  4. ¥ Adjusted for age, parity, smoking status, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, bmi, multiple pregnancy, placenta praevia, placenta abruption, labour induction, postdates and mode of delivery