Table 7 Secondary outcomes

Ultrasound examinations

1.98 (1.4)

2.49 (1.8)

MD -0.51, 95% CI -0.68, -0.34

Antenatal cardiotocographs

2.38 (3.6)

3.39 (3.8)

MD -1.01 95% CI -1.39, -0.63)

Antenatal admission

487 [44.2%],

229 [41.5%]

RR 1.07, 95% CI0.95, 1.20

Pregnancy complications

248 [22.5%]

110 [19.9%]

RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.93, 1.38

Fetal loss prior to 24 weeks

17 [1.5%]

5 [0.9%]

RR 1.70, 95% CI 0.63, 4.60

Epidurals

202 [18.3%]

134 [24.3%]

RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.62, 0.92

Included transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)

64 [16.0%]

170 [12.0%]

RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.02, 1.74

Hydrotherapy

257 [23.3%]

18 [3.3%]

RR 7.16, 95% CI 4.49, 11.42

One or two caregivers

297 [27.0%]

94 [17.0%]

RR 1.58, 95% CI 1.29, 1.95

Length of labour (hrs)

4.6 (3.3)

4.0 (2.4)

MD 0.53, 95% CI 0.25, 0.81)

Spontaneous pushing

726 [65.9%]

308 [55.8%]

RR 1.18, 95% CI 1.08, 1.29

Upright positions for birthing

300 [27.2%]

55 [10.0%]

RR 2.73, 95% CI 2.09, 3.58

Physiological management of third stage of labour

137 [12.4%]

1 [0.2%]

RR 68.69, 95% CI 9.63, 489.80

Spontaneous vaginal birth

761 [69.1%]

372 [69.0%]

RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.96, 1.10

Intact perineum

421 [38.2%]

225 [40.8%]

RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.85, 1.09

Estimated blood loss mls

323 (317)

324 (401)

MD 6.17, 95% CI -32.12, 44.46

Postnatal stay of 1 day or less

184 [16.7%]

57 [10.3%]

RR 1.62, 95% CI 1.22, 2.14

Paediatric care required

292 [26.5%]

150 [27.2%]

RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.82, 1.15

Facial oxygen

130 [11.8%]

63 [11.4%]

RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.78, 1.37

Bag-and-mask resuscitation

23 [2.1%]

12 [2.2%]

RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.48, 1.92

Admission to special care baby unit

128 [11.6%]

60 [10.9%]

RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.80, 1.43