Table 1 Summary of measures, results, and quality scores of articles included in systematic review
Reference | Sample | Outcomes | Measures | Intervention/Duration | Results | Quality Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Caulfield et al. [13] | 184 children (Peru) | 1,3 (At 4-5 yrs) | Wechsler Preschool & Primary Scale of Intelligence | Zinc + folic acid + iron vs. folic acid + iron only 10-14 weeks gestation to birth | ∅ 1,3 | 15/21 |
Goodenough & Harris Draw-a-Person Test | ||||||
Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales | ||||||
Preschool Behaviour Questionnaire | ||||||
Dunstan et al. [31] | 72 children (Australia) | 1,2,3 (At 34 mo) | Griffiths Mental Development Scale | Fish oil vs. olive oil 20 weeks gestation to birth | ∅ 1,3 + 2 | 16/21 |
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test | ||||||
Child Behavior Checklist | ||||||
Hamadani et al. [22] | 168 children (Bangladesh) | 1,2,3 (At 39 mo) | Bayley Scales of Infant Development | Zinc vs. placebo 16 weeks gestation to birth | - 1,2 ∅ 3 | 14/21 |
Wolke's Behaviour Rating Scale (modified) | ||||||
Helland et al. [16] | 84 children (Norway) | 1 (At 4 yrs) | Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children | Cod liver oil vs. corn oil 18 weeks gestation to three months post-birth | + 1 | 12/21 |
Helland et al. [15] | 143 children (Norway) | 1 (At 7 yrs) | Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children | Cod liver oil vs. corn oil 18 weeks gestation to three months post-birth | ∅ 1 | 15/21 |
Innis & Friesen [19] | 135 infants (British Columbia) | 4 (At 60 d) | Teller Acuity Card Procedure | DHA vs. corn/soybean oil 16 weeks gestation to birth | ∅ 4 | 16/21 |
Joos et al. [25] | 99 infants (rural Taiwan) | 1,2 (At 250 d) | Bayley Scales of Infant Development | HCHP drink + MVM vs. LCLP drink + MVM Preconception to lactation | ∅ 1 + 2 | 15/21 |
Judge et al. [18] | 30 infants (Connecticut) | 4 (At 4 and 6 mo) | Teller Acuity Card Procedure | DHA vs. corn oil cereal bar 24 weeks gestation to birth | + 4 at 4 months ∅ 4 at 6 months | 14/21 |
Judge et al. [17] | 29 infants (Connecticut) | 1 (At 9 mo) | Willatts' Infant Planning Testa | DHA vs. corn oil cereal bar 24 weeks gestation to birth | + 1a ∅ 1b | 12/21 |
Fagan Test of Intelligenceb | ||||||
Li et al. [26] | 1305 infants (rural China) | 1,2 (At 3,6,12 mo) | Bayley Scales of Infant Development | MVM vs. folic acid + iron vs. folic acid alone 14 weeks gestation to birth | + 1 at 12 months ∅ 1 at 3 and 6 months ∅ 2 | 19/21 |
Malcolm et al. [20] | 55 infants (Scotland) | 4 (At 50 and 66 wk) | Visual evoked potential | Fish oil vs. sunflower oil 15 weeks gestation to birth | ∅ 4 | 15/21 |
McGrath et al. [27] | 327 children born to HIV-infected mothers (Tanzania) | 1,2 (At 6, 12 and 18 mo) | Bayley Scales of Infant Development | Vitamin A vs. MVM-A vs. MVM+A vs. placebo <28 weeks gestation to 18 months post-birth | ∅ 1 + 2 (MVMs only) | 13/21 |
Parsons et al. [21] | 264 children (Australia) | 3 (At 7.5 yrs) | Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire | Iron vs. placebo 20 weeks gestation to birth | ∅ 3 | 17/21 |
Short Temperament Scale for Children | ||||||
Schmidt et al. [28] | 276 infants (rural Indonesia) | 1,2 (At 6 and 12 mo) | Bayley Scales of Infant Development | Iron + folic acid + vitamin A vs. iron + folic acid vs. LD iron + LD folic acid 20 weeks gestation to birth | ∅ 1, 2 | 14/21 |
Tamura et al. [29] | 355 children (Alabama) | 1,2,4,5 (At 5.3 yrs) | Differential Ability Scales | Zinc vs. placebo 20 weeks gestation to birth | ∅ 1,2,4,5 | 15/21 |
Wide Range Achievement Test | ||||||
Knox Cube test | ||||||
Gross Motor Scale | ||||||
Grooved Pegboard test | ||||||
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test | ||||||
Visual Sequential Memory | ||||||
Auditory Sequential Memory | ||||||
Tofail et al. [23] | 249 infants (Bangladesh) | 1,2,3 (At 10 mo) | Bayley Scales of Infant Development | Fish oil vs. soy oil 25 weeks gestation to birth | ∅ 1,2,3 | 15/21 |
Wolke's Behaviour Rating Scale | ||||||
Tofail et al. [24] | 2116 infants (Bangladesh) | 1,2 (At 7 mo) | Willatts' Infant Planning Test | Food packets + MVM vs. food packets + iron + folic acid (Fe60) vs. food packets + LD iron + folic acid (Fe30) <30 weeks gestation to birth | ∅ 1,2 | 17/21 |
Bayley Scales of Infant Development - Psychomotor Developmental Index | ||||||
Zhou et al. [30] | 302 children (Australia) | 1,3 (At 4 yrs) | Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire | Iron vs. placebo 20 weeks gestation to birth | ∅ 1,3 | 17/21 |