Table 1 Background characteristics of pregnant women as per the 2020 Rwanda Demographic Health Survey

Age

0.317

15–24

119(27.4)

30(28.0)

89(27.1)

25–34

193(44.4)

41(38.3)

152(46.3)

35 and above

122(28.2)

36(33.6)

87(26.5)

Education level

0.916

Tertiary

19(4.4)

5(4.7)

14(4.3)

Secondary

113(26.0)

26(24.3)

87(26.5)

Primary

271(62.3)

66(61.7)

205(62.5)

No education

32(7.3)

10(9.3)

22(6.7)

Working status

0.018

Working

285(65.5)

60(56.1)

225(68.6)

Not working

150(34.5)

47(43.9)

103(31.4)

Parity

0.334

Below 4

355(81.7)

91(85.0)

264(80.5)

4 and above

80(18.3)

16(15.0)

64(19.5)

Marital status

0.181

Married

370(85.2)

87(81.3)

284(86.6)

Unmarried

64(14.8)

20(18.7)

44(13.4)

Health insurance

0.049

Yes

377(86.7)

99(92.5)

279(84.8)

No

58(13.3)

8(7.5)

50(15.2)

Wealth index

0.984

Richest

90(20.8)

22(20.6)

69(21.0)

Richer

89(20.5)

24(22.4)

65(19.8)

Middle

89(20.5)

21(19.6)

68(20.7)

Poorer

85(19.5)

20(18.7)

65(19.8)

Poorest

81(18.7)

20(18.7)

61(18.6)

Residence

0.517

Urban

73(16.8)

20(18.9)

53(16.2)

Rural

362(83.2)

87(81.1)

275(83.8)

Region

0.334

Kigali

56(12.9)

18(16.8)

38(11.6)

West

103(23.7)

26(24.3)

77(23.5)

East

103(23.7)

24(22.2)

79(24.0)

North

64(14.7)

18(16.8)

46(14.0)

South

109(25.0)

21(19.6)

88(26.8)

Household size

0.187

Less than 6

336(77.2)

88(81.3)

249(75.9)

6 and above

99(22.8)

20(18.7)

79(24.1)

Sex of household head

0.528

Male

349(80.2)

84(77.6)

266(81.1)

Female

86(19.8)

24(22.4)

62(18.9)

Exposure to radio

0.432

Yes

345(79.4)

82(76.6)

263(80.2)

No

89(20.6)

25(23.4)

65(19.8)

Exposure to television

0.171

Yes

176(40.5)

49(45.8)

127(38.7)

No

259(59.5)

58(54.2)

201(61.3)

Exposure to newspapers

0.486

Yes

89(20.4)

25(23.4)

64(19.5)

No

346(79.6)

82(76.6)

264(80.5)

Husband/partner’s education^a

0.023

Tertiary

27(6.2)

12(13.6)

15(5.3)

Secondary

61(14.0)

18(20.5)

43(15.2)

Primary

236(54.3)

49(55.6)

188(66.4)

No education

47(10.8)

10(11.4)

37(13.1)

Mosquito net use

0.607

Yes

254(58.5)

65(60.7)

190(57.9)

No

180(41.5)

42(39.3)

138(42.1)

Deworming^b

0.839

Yes

196(45.2)

44(86.3)

152(87.4)

No

29(6.5)

7(13.7)

22(12.6)

Trimester

0.029

First

138(31.7)

24(22.4)

114(34.8)

Second

138(31.8)

43(40.2)

95(29.0)

Third

159(36.5)

40(37.4)

119(36.3

Problem with distance to a health facility

0.010

No big problem

320(73.6)

68(63.6)

252(76.8)

Big problem

115(26.4)

39(36.4)

76(23.2)

Visited health facility in last 6 months

0.417

Yes

363(83.5)

92(86.0)

271(82.6)

No

72(16.5)

15(14.0)

57(17.4)

Body mass index (BMI)

0.093

Overweight

187(43.0)

37(34.6)

150(45.7)

Normal

240(55.2)

69(64.5)

171(52.1)

Underweight

8(1.8)

1(0.9)

7(2.1)

Antenatal care visits^c

0.164

Below 4

116(49.8)

21(40.4)

95(52.2)

4 and above

118(50.2)

31(59.6)

87(47.8)

Iron supplementation taken^c

0.011

No

47(19.9)

4(7.7)

43(23.6)

Yes

187(80.1)

48(92.3)

139(76.4)

Source of drinking water

0.966

Improved source

349(80.3)

86(80.4)

263(80.2)

Unimproved source

86(19.7)

21(19.6)

65(19.8)

Type of toilet facility

0.327

Improved facility

309(71.1)

80(74.8)

229(69.8)

Unimproved facility

127(28.9)

27(25.2)

99(30.2)

Anaemic

No

328(75.4)

Yes

107(24.6), (95%CI: 21.1–29.3)