Vaginal birth (N = 844) | C-section (N = 121) | Tota l(N = 965) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (in years) | 0.066 | |||
< 19 years old | 130 (91.5%) | 12 (8.5%) | 142 (14.7%) | |
19–34 years old | 550 (87.9%) | 76 (12.1%) | 626 (64.9%) | |
≥ 35 years old | 164 (83.2%) | 33 (16.8%) | 197 (20.4%) | |
Single mother | 74 (87.1%) | 11 (12.9%) | 85 (8.8%) | 0.907 |
Complete primary schooling | 652 (87.5%) | 93 (12.5%) | 745 (77.2%) | 0.923 |
JUNTOS recipient | 561 (85.9%) | 92 (14.1%) | 653 (67.7%) | 0.035 |
Pregnant at enrolment | 500 (85.0%) | 88 (15.0%) | 588 (60.9%) | 0.004 |
Household characteristics | ||||
Electricity | 676 (85.9%) | 111 (14.1%) | 787 (81.6%) | 0.002 |
Sand clay walls | 692 (88.9%) | 86 (11.1%) | 778 (80.6%) | 0.004 |
Earthen floor | 640 (89.6%) | 74 (10.4%) | 714 (74.0%) | 0.001 |
Biomass fuel user | 650 (89.0%) | 80 (11.0%) | 730 (75.6%) | 0.009 |
Piped water to household | 697 (86.4%) | 110 (13.6%) | 807 (83.6%) | 0.021 |
Households with food security | 741 (87.1%) | 110 (12.9%) | 851 (88.2%) | 0.321 |
Altitude of living (MASL) | < 0.001 | |||
< 2500 MASL | 256 (81.8%) | 57 (18.2%) | 313 (32.4%) | |
2500–3000 MASL | 267 (87.3%) | 39 (12.7%) | 306 (31.7%) | |
> 3000 MASL | 321 (92.8%) | 25 (7.2%) | 339 (35.1%) | |
Clinical characteristics | ||||
Height below 150 cm | 257 (84.8%) | 46 (15.2% | 303 (31.4%) | 0.269 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI | 0.004 | |||
< 18.5 | 11 (100.0%) | - | 11 (1.1%) | |
18.5–24.9 | 449 (90.7%) | 46 (9.3%) | 495 (51.3%) | |
25.0-29.09 | 283 (84.5%) | 52 (15.5%) | 335 (34.7%) | |
≥ 30 | 101 (81.5%) | 23 (18.5%) | 124 (12.9%) | |
Multiple pregnancy | 8 (57.1%) | 6 (42.9%) | 14 (1.5%) | 0.001 |
Heart or hypertensive disease | 17 (70.8%) | 7 (29.2%) | 24 (2.5%) | 0.013 |
History of preeclampsia | 26 (68.4%) | 12 (31.6%) | 38 (3.9%) | 0.109 |
History of gestational diabetes or diabetes | 1 (100.0%) | - | 3 (0.3%) | 0.705 |
Family history of heart disease | 130 (83.9%) | 25 (16.1%) | 155 (16.1%) | 0.141 |
Family history of diabetes | 38 (86.4%) | 6 (13.6%) | 44 (4.6%) | 0.822 |
History of preterm | 18 (69.2%) | 8 (30.8%) | 26 (2.7%) | 0.004 |
History of miscarriage | 87 (83.7%) | 17 (16.3%) | 104 (10.8%) | 0.215 |
Parity | 1 [0–2] | 1 [0–2] | 1 [0–2] | 0.248 |
Gestational age at birth (days) | 269 [262–279] | 241.7 [211–268] | 268.7 [262–279] | 0.280 |
COVID 19 diagnosis during pregnancy | 15 (78.9%) | 4 (21.1%) | 19 (2.0%) | 0.258 |
Lifestyle characteristics | ||||
Physical activity | 0.039 | |||
Low | 150 (83.3%) | 30 (16.7%) | 180 (18.7%) | |
Moderate | 461 (87.0%) | 69 (13.0%) | 530 (54.9%) | |
High | 233 (91.4%) | 22 (8.6%) | 255 (26.4%) | |
Daily consumption of 5 portions of vegetables or fruits | 491 (86.3%) | 78 (13.7%) | 569 (59.0%) | 0.117 |
Maternal health care | ||||
Place of antenatal care | 0.290 | |||
Health Centre | 403 (86.3%) | 64 (13.7%) | 467 (48.4%) | |
Health Post | 441 (88.6%) | 57 (11.4%) | 498 (51.6%) | |
First antenatal care visit before 20 weeks | 636 (86.2%) | 102 (13.8%) | 738 (76.5%) | 0.166 |
Main health care centre | < 0.001 | |||
San Marcos | 403 (85.9%) | 66 (14.1%) | 469 (48.6%) | |
Ichocan | 233 (82.9%) | 48 (17.1%) | 281 (29.1%) | |
Jose Sabogal | 208 (96.7%) | 7 (3.3%) | 215 (22.3%) | |
Place of birth | ||||
Health Centre | 447 (100.0%) | - | 447 (46.3%) | |
Health Post | 139 (100.0%) | - | 139 (14.4%) | |
Private clinic | 2 (0.2%) | 12 (85.7%) | 14 (1.5%) | |
Hospital | 135 (16.0%) | 109 (44.7%) | 244 (25.3%) | |
At home | 121 (100.0%) | - | 121 (12.5%) |