Table 5 Risk ratios showing association between postnatal PTS and sociodemographic and pregnancy and birth-related factors

Sociodemographic factors

 Age group

   ≤ 24 years

93

18 (16.4%)

1.25 (0.71–2.22)

NS

  25–29 years

213

33 (16.1%)

1.23 (0.76–2.00)

  30–34 years

337

40 (13.0%)

1

  35 + years

292

43 (14.0%)

1.07 (0.69–1.67)

 Country of birth

  UK

734

118 (17.3%)

1

NS

  Outside UK

197

16 (9.1%)

0.52 (0.30–0.92)*

 Ethnicity

  White-British

780

122 (16.4%)

1

NS

  Other

128

8 (7.0%)

0.42 (0.19–0.94)*

 IMD quintile

  (Least advantaged) 1

164

33 (18.4%)

1.45 (0.86–2.46)

NS

  2

192

25 (12.7%)

1.00 (0.56–1.80)

  3

187

26 (13.2%)

1.04 (0.59–1.82)

  4

209

27 (13.8%)

1.09 (0.63–1.87)

  (Most advantaged) 5

183

23 (12.7%)

1

 Age when leaving education

  16 years or less

111

22 (18.8%)

1.41 (0.87–2.28)

NS

  17–18 years

247

34 (15.8%)

1.19 (0.77–1.82)

  19 years or over

564

77 (13.3%)

1

 Living with partner

  Yes

836

116 (14.6%)

1

NS

  No

99

18 (14.6%)

1.00 (0.59–1.70)

 Social support ^#

932 6 (4–7)

132 (5,3–7)

0.81 (0.74–0.89)*

0.86 (0.78–0.94)

 Long-term mental health problem

  Yes

118

52 (46.5%)

4.74 (3.43–6.54)*

2.14 (1.43–3.21)

  No

810

82 (9.8%)

1

1

Pregnancy and birth related factors

 Parity

  Primiparous

595

79 (14.3%)

1

NS

  Multiparous

324

55 (15.8%)

1.10 (0.77–1.59)

 Multiplicity

  Singleton

877

123 (14.3%)

1

NS

  Multiple birth

57

11 (20.3%)

1.41 (0.77–2.58)

 Pregnancy Planning

  Planned pregnancy

735

97 (13.3%)

1

NS

  Unplanned pregnancy

189

37 (19.1%)

1.44 (0.97–2.13)*

 Satisfaction with labour and birth ^#

888 (7, 5–9)

129 (5, 3–8)

0.84 (0.79–0.89)*

0.89 (0.85–0.94)

 Gestation at birth

  Very pre-term

62

16 (27.7%)

2.06 (1.25–3.40)*

NS

  Pre-term

233

35 (15.3%)

1.14 (0.75–1.73)*

  Term

630

82 (13.4%)

1

 Birth weight

  Very low birthweight

56

14 (23.3%)

1.60 (0.92–2.77)

NS

  Low birthweight

207

26 (13.9%)

0.95 (0.61–1.49)

  Normal birthweight

647

93 (14.6%)

1

 Length of stay in NNU

  24 h or less

225

19 (9.7%)

1

NS

  25 h to 7 days

391

59 (14.9%)

1.53 (0.88–2.68)*

  8 to 28 days

165

28 (16.3%)

1.68 (0.91–3.10)*

  More than 28 days

85

20 (26.1%)

2.69 (1.41–5.15)*

 Mode of birth

  Vaginal

365

51 (14.4%)

1

NS

  Assisted vaginal birth

143

17 (10.3%)

0.71 (0.40–1.27)*

  Planned caesarean

154

20 (11.1%)

0.77 (0.44–1.34)*

  Unplanned caesarean

268

45 (19.5%)

1.36 (0.89–2.06)*

 Antenatal anxiety

  Yes

194

69 (38.9%)

4.94 (3.54–6.88)*

2.62 (1.71–4.01)

  No

738

65 (7.9%)

1

1

 Antenatal depression

  Yes

74

34 (48.4%)

4.28 (3.04–6.05)*

NS

  No

858

100 (11.3%)

1

 Smoking during pregnancy

  Yes

61

21 (29.3%)

2.19 (1.36–3.54)*

NS

  No

595

77 (13.4%)

1

 Household smoking/passive smoking during pregnancy

  Yes

152

25 (13.6%)

0.90 (0.57–1.41)

NS

  No

758

105 (15.2%)

1

 Survey year

  2018

485

58 (12.9%)

1

1

  2020

450

76 (16.3%)

1.27 (0.88–1.82)

0.90 (0.65–1.24)