Table 4 Risk ratios showing association between postnatal anxiety and sociodemographic and pregnancy and birth-related factors

Sociodemographic factors

 Age group

   ≤ 24 years

93

24 (23.4%)

1.33 (0.82–2.17)*

NS

  25–29 years

213

33 (15.4%)

0.88 (0.55–1.39)*

  30–34 years

337

51 (17.6%)

1

  35 + years

292

28 (9.5%)

0.54 (0.34–0.86)*

 Country of birth

  UK

734

114 (17.9%)

1

NS

  Outside UK

197

21 (11.8%)

0.66 (0.40–1.07)*

 Ethnicity

  White-British

780

115 (16.6%)

1

NS

  Other

128

14 (12.0%)

0.72 (0.40–1.32)

 IMD quintile

  (Least advantaged) 1

164

28 (18.2%)

1.73 (0.99–3.03)

NS

  2

192

37 (19.7%)

1.86 (1.09–3.18)

  3

187

25 (14.0%)

1.33 (0.74–2.37)

  4

209

26 (13.4%)

1.27 (0.72–2.25)

  (Most advantaged) 5

183

20 (10.6%)

1

 Age when leaving education

  16 years or less

111

25 (22.5%)

1.76 (1.11–2.77)*

NS

  17–18 years

247

41 (18.1%)

1.42 (0.94–2.15)*

  19 years or over

564

66 (12.8%)

1

 Living with partner

  Yes

836

117 (15.6%)

1

NS

  No

99

19 (17.5%)

1.12 (0.67–1.87)

 Social support ^#

932 (6, 4–7)

136 (5, 4–7)

0.83 (0.76–0.91)*

0.87 (0.80–0.96)

 Long-term mental health problem

  Yes

118

56 (51.0%)

4.79 (3.50–6.57)*

2.16 (1.45–3.23)

  No

810

79 (10.6%)

1

1

Pregnancy and birth related factors

 Parity

  Primiparous

595

83 (15.7%)

1

NS

  Multiparous

324

52 (16.9%)

1.08 (0.75–1.55)

 Multiplicity

  Singleton

877

131 (16.4%)

1

NS

  Multiple birth

57

5 (10.1%)

0.61 (0.25–1.52)

 Pregnancy Planning

  Planned

735

98 (14.5%)

1

NS

  Unplanned

189

38 (21.0%)

1.45 (0.99–2.12)*

 Satisfaction with labour and birth ^#

888 (7, 5–9)

126 (5, 3–9)

0.87 (0.81–0.92)*

0.93 (0.88–0.97)

 Gestation at birth

  Very pre-term

62

10 (17.5%)

1.06 (0.56–1.97)

NS

  Pre-term

233

31 (14.6%)

0.88 (0.57–1.34)

  Term

630

94 (16.6%)

1

 Birth weight

  Very low birthweight

56

8 (14.7%)

0.88 (0.43–1.79)

NS

  Low birthweight

207

31 (15.9%)

0.95 (0.63–1.45)

  Normal birthweight

647

96 (16.7%)

1

 Length of stay in NNU

  24 h or less

225

27 (13.4%)

1

NS

  25 h to 7 days

391

61 (18.0%)

1.35 (0.83–2.19)

  8 to 28 days

165

22 (12.6%)

0.94 (0.52–1.70)

  More than 28 days

85

15 (20.6%)

1.54 (0.80–2.98)

 Mode of birth

  Vaginal

365

51 (14.4%)

1

NS

  Assisted vaginal

143

24 (15.0%)

1.04 (0.63–1.73)

  Planned caesarean

154

21 (15.8%)

1.10 (0.65–1.86)

  Unplanned caesarean

268

40 (19.4%)

1.35 (0.87–2.08)

 Antenatal anxiety

  Yes

194

74 (42.5%)

4.93 (3.55–6.86)*

3.35 (2.17–5.18)

  No

738

62 (8.6%)

1

1

 Antenatal depression

  Yes

74

32 (47.9%)

3.73 (2.64–5.25)*

NS

  No

858

104 (12.9%)

1

 Smoking during pregnancy

  Yes

61

21 (30.4%)

2.05 (1.28–3.27)*

NS

  No

595

80 (14.9%)

1

 Household smoking/passive smoking during pregnancy

  Yes

152

30 (17.8%)

1.14 (0.75–1.74)

NS

  No

758

102 (15.6%)

1

 Survey year

  2018

485

72 (17.3%)

1

1

  2020

450

64 (14.8%)

0.86 (0.60–1.23)

0.65 (0.48–0.89)