Table 5 Determinant of awareness
From: Pregnant woman awareness of obstetric danger signs in developing country: systematic review
No | Determinant of danger sign’s awareness | Facts | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
1 | Live in Urban area | • Live in urban area is more knowledgeable of the three (during pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum) • Women from Hiri district (peri-urban) are more knowledgeable compared with women from Asaro (rural) or Karkar (rural) – Papua New Guinea • Pregnant women live in the urban area are more knowledgeable • Mother who lives in the urban are more knowledgeable of the danger sign of postpartum | (Bogale & Markos, 2015), (Vallely et al., 2019), (Woldeamanuel et al., 2019), (Maseresha et al., 2016), (Dangura, 2020), (Shamanewadi et al., 2020) |
2 | Completed secondary school education | • A maternal educational level of formal secondary school or above is more knowledgeable of the three than the unable to read and write • Able to read and write is more knowledgeable of the three (during pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum) than unable to • Women with secondary and tertiary education are more knowledgeable compared with women having no education or primary education only • Mothers attended secondary education are more knowledgeable about the danger sign during pregnancy and postpartum period • Mother who finished more than secondary school are more knowledgeable • Have higher education are more knowledgeable • Attended secondary level and above are more knowledgeable of the danger sign of (1) childbirth • Higher level education is related to higher awareness | (Belay & Limenih, 2020), (Wassihun et al., 2020), (Bogale & Markos, 2015), (Vallely et al., 2019), (Woldeamanuel et al., 2019), (Bililign & Mulatu, 2017), (Amenu et al., 2016), (Salem et al., 2018), (Dangura, 2020), (Emeh et al., 2021) |
3 | Her husband completed at least secondary school education | • Mothers are more knowledgeable if her Husband finished more than secondary school | (Amenu et al., 2016) [7] |
4 | Had visit ANC at least 4 times in the last pregnancy | • Women who had an ANC follow-up visit in their last pregnancy were more likely to know three or than who did not have history of an ANC follow-up visit • Attended routine ANC is more knowledgeable than never attended • Visiting more antenatal care ≥ 4 make mothers more knowledgeable about the during pregnancy danger sign • Mothers who had ANC follow-up during last pregnancy are more knowledgeable • Pregnant women who visit the ANC are more knowledgeable • Mother initiates first ANC in the third trimester are more knowledgeable • The use of ANC during last pregnancy are more knowledgeable of the danger sign of childbirth and postpartum • Woman started the ANC at the first trimester is more aware • Woman attended ANC more often is more aware | (Belay & Limenih, 2020), (Wassihun et al., 2020), (Bogale & Markos, 2015), (Bililign & Mulatu, 2017), (Amenu et al., 2016), (Nigussie et al., 2019), (Dangura, 2020), (Emeh et al., 2021), (Oguntunde et al., 2021; Shamanewadi et al., 2020; Tamang et al., 2021) |
5 | Had bad obstetric experience such as complication | Women who had experienced a bad obstetric history (still birth and abortion) or experience complication is more knowledgeable of the three (during pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum) | (Belay & Limenih, 2020) [32] |
16 | Had obstetric health education especially in the ANC | • Women informed about obstetric danger signs during their last pregnancy is more knowledgeable of 1 and 2 than the non-informed • Exposed to danger information is more knowledgeable than not exposed • Women who received information at the antenatal clinic are more knowledgeable • Women receive health education are more knowledgeable • Mothers receive more information on the danger sign are more knowledgeable | (Belay & Limenih, 2020), (Mardiyanti et al., 2019), (Vallely et al., 2019), (Woldeamanuel et al., 2019), (Salem et al., 2018) |
7 | Latest childbirth in the health facility | • Mothers who gave their last birth at a health institution is more likely to know the danger sign during pregnancy • Delivered in the health facility is more knowledgeable than delivered at home • Mothers last labour in the health facility are more knowledgeable about the during childbirth danger sign • Mother delivered the latest baby in the health facility are more knowledgeable • Mother delivered previous birth at health institution are more knowledgeable of the danger sign of postpartum • Mother delivered latest baby in the health institution are more knowledgeable of childbirth and postpartum | (Belay & Limenih, 2020), (Wassihun et al., 2020), (Bililign & Mulatu, 2017), (Amenu et al., 2016), (Dangura, 2020) |
8 | Have a job | • Working as the government employee is more knowledgeable than housewives • Mothers work as private employees are more knowledgeable about the during pregnancy danger sign • Mothers who is Government employee and merchant are more knowledgeable | (Wassihun et al., 2020), (Bogale & Markos, 2015), (Bililign & Mulatu, 2017), (Nigussie et al., 2019) |
9 | Multiparous | • Multiparous woman is more knowledgeable than the primiparous • Women have more than 2 histories of pregnancy are more knowledgeable • Grand multipara mothers are more knowledgeable | (Mardiyanti et al., 2019), (Woldeamanuel et al., 2019), (Amenu et al., 2016) |
10 | Better Knowledge | Have good knowledge is more knowledgeable than have less knowledge | (Mardiyanti et al., 2019), (Oguntunde et al., 2021) |
11 | Older than 35 years old | • Mother aged > 35 years old are more knowledgeable of postpartum • Older women are more knowledgeable • Woman aged above 46 years old are more aware | (Dangura, 2020), (Mwilike, Nalwadda, et al., 2018), (Emeh et al., 2021) |
12 | Bad awareness on mother less than 24Â years old | There was no significant association age (under 24Â years compared with age 25 and over) | (Vallely et al., 2019) [16] |
13 | Close distance to health facility around 20 – 1 h trip | • The distance between house and health facility < 20 min on foot are more knowledgeable • Distance to health facility < 1 h are more knowledgeable of childbirth | (Woldeamanuel et al., 2019), (Dangura, 2020) |
14 | Family income > 27 – 40 USD | • Family monthly income ≥ 1500 ETB (Ethiopian Birr) ≈ 27,73 USD are more knowledgeable • Mother who has monthly income of 40 USD are more knowledgeable of (2) postpartum | (Amenu et al., 2016), (Dangura, 2020) |
15 | Currently pregnant | Women who is pregnant > 5 times are more knowledgeable Mothers live with higher income are more knowledgeable | (Maseresha et al., 2016), (Salem et al., 2018) |
16 | Participated in health survey | Participate in the PANDA mHealth project are more knowledgeable | (Salem et al., 2018) [31] |
17 | Autonomy for women by the family | Women authorized to decide to have medical care by the family are more knowledgeable | (Nigussie et al., 2019) [8] |
18 | Active source of information such as TV and Radio | Have functioning radio/ tv in the house are more knowledgeable of childbirth and postpartum | (Dangura, 2020) [23] |