n | Total | SF < 20 μg/L in early pregnancy (depleted iron stores and recommended supplements) | SF ≥ 20 μg/L in early pregnancy (not exposed to recommendations) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | SF < 15 μg/l postpartum | SF ≥ 15 μg/l postpartum | Total | SF < 15 μg/L postpartum | SF ≥ 15 μg/L postpartum | |||
Steady low | Improvement | Deterioration | Steady high | |||||
n = 573 | n = 252 (44) | n = 111 | n = 141 | n = 321 (56) | n = 114 | n = 207 | ||
Mean baseline SF (95% CI) | 33 (30, 35) | 11 (11, 12) | 11 (10, 12) | 12 (11, 12) | 50 (46, 54) | 45 (40, 50) | 53 (47, 58) | |
Median baseline SF (IQR) | 23 (12, 41) | 11 (7,15) | 11 (7, 15) | 12 (8, 15) | 38 (27, 60) | 34 (26, 55) | 40 (27, 62) | |
Gestational week at enrolment | 573 | 15.1 ± 3.4 | 16.1 ± 3.9 | 15.7 ± 3.8 | 16.5 ± 4.0 | 14.2 ± 2.6 | 14.2 ± 2.8 | 14.3 ± 2.6 |
Postpartum week | 565 | 13.9 ± 2.4 | 14.0 ± 2.5 | 14.0 ± 2.7 | 14.0 ± 2.4 | 13.9 ± 2.4 | 13.6 ± 2.4 | 14.0 ± 2.4 |
Parous women (≥ 1 previous births) | 573 | 313 (55) | 163 (65) | 69 (63) | 94 (67) | 150 (47) | 36 (32) | 114 (55) |
Age at inclusion, years | 573 | 29.7 ± 4.8 | 29.4 ± 4.9 | 29.1 ± 5.3 | 29.6 ± 4.6 | 30.0 ± 4.8 | 29.3 ± 4.9 | 30.3 ± 4.6 |
Pre-pregnant Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 563 | 24.6 ± 4.8 | 23.9 ± 4.5 | 23.9 ± 4.3 | 23.8 ± 4.7 | 25.3 ± 4.9 | 25.4 ± 5.6 | 25.2 ± 4.5 |
Western European ethnicity | 217 | 217 (38) | 48 (22) | 17 (15) | 31 (22) | 170 (78) | 61 (54) | 109 (53) |
South Asian ethnicity | 157 | 157 (27) | 102 (65) | 46 (42) | 56 (40) | 55 (35) | 23 (20) | 32 (15) |
Middle Eastern ethnicity | 94 | 94 (16) | 51 (54) | 11 (10) | 12 (9) | 43 (46) | 7 (6) | 7 (3) |
Sub-Saharan African ethnicity | 37 | 37 (7) | 23 (62) | 5 (5) | 5 (4) | 14 (38) | 7 (6) | 16 (8) |
East Asian Ethnicity | 33 | 33 (6) | 10 (30) | 5 (5) | 5 (4) | 23 (70) | 7 (6) | 16 (8) |
Eastern European ethnicity | 34 | 34 (6) | 18 (53) | 7 (6) | 11 (8) | 16 (47) | 4 (4) | 12 (33) |
Socioeconomic position 2 | 569 | 0.02 (1.0) | -0.2 (1.0) | -0.4 (1.0) | -0.1 (1.0) | 0.2 (1.0) | 0.2 (0.9) | 0.3 (1.0) |
Unhealthy dietary pattern 3 | 555 | 391 (70) | 202 (82) | 95 (86) | 107 (76) | 189 (61) | 80 (70) | 109 (53) |
Chronic illness / medication associated with normochromic anaemia 4 | 564 | 14 (2.5) | 4 (1.6) | 3 (3) | 1 (1) | 10 (3.2) | 4 (4) | 6 (3) |
Chronic illness / medication associated with hypochromic anaemia 5 | 564 | 55 (10) | 24 (10) | 10 (90) | 14 (10) | 31 (10) | 8 (7) | 23 (11) |
Self-reported use of iron supplement in early pregnancy | 564 | 101 (18) | 61 (25) | 24 (22) | 37 (26) | 40 (13) | 16 (14) | 24 (12) |
Self-reported use of iron supplement in gestational week 28 | 538 | 232 (43) | 156 (65) | 60 (55) | 96 (68) | 76 (26) | 17 (15) | 59 (29) |
Self-reported use of iron supplement 14 weeks postpartum | 554 | 124 (22) | 69 (28) | 25 (23) | 44 (31) | 55 (18) | 20 (18) | 35 (17) |
Normal vaginal delivery | 414 | 414 (72) | 188 (75) | 78 (71) | 110 (78) | 226 (70) | 76 (67) | 150 (73) |
Instrumental vaginal delivery | 58 | 58 (10) | 29 (12) | 16 (15) | 13 (9) | 29 (9) | 11 (10) | 18 (9) |
Elective caesarean section | 68 | 68 (12) | 25 (10 | 12 (11) | 13 (9) | 43 (13) | 18 (16) | 25 (12) |
Emergency caesarean section | 29 | 29 (5) | 8 (3) | 5 (4) | 4 (3) | 21 (7) | 7 (6) | 14 (7) |
Birth complications 7 | 573 | 97 (17) | 35 (14) | 15 (14) | 20 (14) | 62 (19) | 30 (26) | 32 (15) |
Postpartum haemorrhage (≥ 500 mL) | 573 | 33 (5.7) | 12 (4.8) | 8 (7) | 4 (3) | 21 (6.5) | 13 (11) | 8 (4) |