Maternal, obstetric and gynecological factors associated with preterm birth in Rwanda: findings from a national longitudinal study

Table 2 Obstetric factors associated with preterm birth

Attributes	Pre-term		Full-term		Total		p value
Attributes	n	%	n	%	n	%	p value
ANC visits
< 4	43	38.1	193	27.4	236	28.9	0.021
>=4	70	61.9	511	72.6	581	71.1
Parity
Primi-gravida	45	39.8	352	50.0	397	48.6	0.123
1 to 2	49	43.4	241	34.2	290	35.5
2 to 3	15	13.3	73	10.4	88	10.8
5+	4	3.5	38	5.4	42	5.1
Birth spacing (n = 389)
< 24	13	19.7	74	22.9	87	22.4	0.568
>=24	53	80.3	249	77.1	302	77.6
History of still birth
Yes	5	4.4	29	4.1	34	4.2	0.880
No	108	95.6	675	95.9	783	95.8
History of abortion
Yes	25	22.1	96	13.6	121	14.8	0.018
No	88	77.9	608	86.4	696	85.2
History of previous Cesarean section
Yes	16	14.2	58	8.2	74	9.1	0.042
No	97	85.8	646	91.8	743	90.9
Became pregnant while using contraceptive
Yes	11	9.7	45	6.4%	56	6.9	0.192
No	102	90.3	659	93.6%	761	93.1
Taking medicine in pregnancy
Yes	31	27.4	231	32.8%	262	32.1	0.255
No	82	72.6	473	67.2%	555	67.9
Preterm rupture of membrane
Yes	10	8.8	6	0.9	16	2.0	< 0.001
No	103	91.2	698	99.1	801	98.0
Amniotic fluid volume
Normal	105	92.9	663	94.2	768	94.0	0.602
Polyhydramnios	8	7.1	41	5.8	49	6.0
Mode of delivery
Normal	98	86.7	628	89.2	726	88.9	0.437
CS	15	13.3	76	10.8	91	11.1
Type of CS (n = 91)
Emergency	5	33.3	29	38.2	34	37.4	0.724
Elective	10	66.7	47	61.8	57	62.6
HIV status
Positive	2	1.8	17	2.4	19	2.3	0.673
Negative	111	98.2	687	97.6	798	97.7
Blood group
A	9	8.0	100	14.2	109	13.3	0.223
AB	3	2.7	25	3.6	28	3.4
B	13	11.5	79	11.2	92	11.3
O	31	27.4	215	30.5	246	30.1
Not done	57	50.4	285	40.5	342	41.9