Case | Relevant History | Symptoms | Onset | Treatment | Delivery | Anesthesia | Postpartum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weinstein et al. 1979 [6] | History of meningitis with CSF rhinorrhea s/p repair 4 years prior | CSF rhinorrhea | 3rd trimester | Expectant management | Forceps-assisted vaginal delivery | Epidural | Recurrence of CSF rhinorrhea 2 weeks postpartum, planned surgical repair |
Schabel et al. 2002 [7] | Prior endoscopic surgery 11 months prior | CSF rhinorrhea | 1st trimester | Expectant management | Elective primary cesarean section | Spinal | Persistent CSF rhinorrhea after delivery, underwent surgical repair at 3 months that was unsuccessful |
Schraven et al. 2012 [4] | None | CSF rhinorrhea and ear leakage | 1st trimester | Surgical repair during pregnancy | Elective primary cesarean section | Not specified | Asymptomatic at 2-year follow-up |
Michelle et al. 2023 (this study) | None | CSF rhinorrhea and severe headaches | 1st trimester | Analgesics and bed rest | Elective primary cesarean section | Spinal | Marked improvement in symptoms after delivery, plan to have surgical repair |