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Table 1 Characteristics of the included population

From: Association between very advanced maternal age women with gestational diabetes mellitus and the risks of adverse infant outcomes: a cohort study from the NVSS 2014–2019

Variables

Total (n = 52,544)

Pregnant women without GDM (n = 44,981)

Pregnant women with GDM (n = 7563)

Statistics

P

Maternal age at delivery, years, Mean ± SD

46.39 ± 1.63

46.40 ± 1.64

46.37 ± 1.62

t = 1.23

0.220

Race, n (%)

   

χ2 = 152.230

< 0.001

 Asian

7082 (13.48)

5736 (12.75)

1346 (17.80)

  

 Black

8103 (15.42)

7050 (15.67)

1053 (13.92)

  

 White

36,053 (68.61)

31,103 (69.15)

4950 (65.45)

  

 Other

1306 (2.49)

1092 (2.43)

214 (2.83)

  

Education, n (%)

   

χ2 = 375.705

< 0.001

 Less than 12 grade

5975 (11.37)

4730 (10.52)

1245 (16.46)

  

 High school/GED

6920 (13.17)

5738 (12.76)

1182 (15.63)

  

 Some college or AA

10,203 (19.42)

8631 (19.19)

1572 (20.79)

  

 Bachelor or higher

29,446 (56.04)

25,882 (57.54)

3564 (47.12)

  

Pre-pregnancy weight, lb., Mean ± SD

157.39 ± 35.63

156.01 ± 34.77

165.63 ± 39.36

t = − 19.99

< 0.001

Pre-pregnancy BMI, n (%)

   

χ2 = 914.794

< 0.001

 Underweight

926 (1.76)

844 (1.88)

82 (1.08)

  

 Normal

22,601 (43.01)

20,307 (45.15)

2294 (30.33)

  

 Overweight

16,180 (30.79)

13,781 (30.64)

2399 (31.72)

  

 Obesity

12,837 (24.43)

10,049 (22.34)

2788 (36.86)

  

Delivery weight, lb., Mean ± SD

185.27 ± 36.18

184.45 ± 35.49

190.15 ± 39.66

t = −11.72

< 0.001

Weight gain, lb., M (Q1, Q3)

27.00 (19.00, 36.00)

28.00 (20.00, 36.00)

23.00 (15.00, 33.00)

Z = -23.502

< 0.001

Smoking before pregnancy, n (%)

   

χ2 = 2.218

0.136

 No

51,401 (97.82)

44,020 (97.86)

7381 (97.59)

  

 Yes

1143 (2.18)

961 (2.14)

182 (2.41)

  

Smoking status 1st trimester, n (%)

   

χ2 = 0.178

0.673

 No

51,671 (98.34)

44,238 (98.35)

7433 (98.28)

  

 Yes

873 (1.66)

743 (1.65)

130 (1.72)

  

Smoking status 2nd trimester, n (%)

   

χ2 = 0.001

0.978

 No

51,771 (98.53)

44,319 (98.53)

7452 (98.53)

  

 Yes

773 (1.47)

662 (1.47)

111 (1.47)

  

Smoking status 3rd trimester, n (%)

   

χ2 = 0.004

0.947

 No

51,805 (98.59)

44,349 (98.59)

7456 (98.59)

  

 Yes

739 (1.41)

632 (1.41)

107 (1.41)

  

Hypertension eclampsia, n (%)

   

χ2 = 5.445

0.020

 No

52,234 (99.41)

44,730 (99.44)

7504 (99.22)

  

 Yes

310 (0.59)

251 (0.56)

59 (0.78)

  

Gestational hypertension, n (%)

   

χ2 = 346.242

< 0.001

 No

46,470 (88.44)

40,260 (89.50)

6210 (82.11)

  

 Yes

6074 (11.56)

4721 (10.50)

1353 (17.89)

  

Pre-pregnancy hypertension, n (%)

   

χ2 = 320.794

< 0.001

 No

49,818 (94.81)

42,967 (95.52)

6851 (90.59)

  

 Yes

2726 (5.19)

2014 (4.48)

712 (9.41)

  

Number of prenatal visits, M (Q1, Q3)

12.00 (10.00, 14.00)

12.00 (9.00, 14.00)

12.00 (10.00, 15.00)

Z = 11.083

< 0.001

WIC, n (%)

   

χ2 = 279.140

< 0.001

 No

41,933 (79.81)

36,437 (81.01)

5496 (72.67)

  

 Yes

10,611 (20.19)

8544 (18.99)

2067 (27.33)

  

Plurality, M (Q1, Q3)

1.00 (1.00, 1.00)

1.00 (1.00, 1.00)

1.00 (1.00, 1.00)

Z = 0.457

0.648

Prior birth now living, M (Q1,Q3)

1.00 (0.00, 3.00)

1.00 (0.00, 3.00)

1.00 (0.00, 3.00)

Z = 5.848

< 0.001

Prior birth now dead, Mean ± SD

0.03 ± 0.28

0.03 ± 0.27

0.04 ± 0.30

t = −2.30

0.021

Prior other terminations, M (Q1, Q3)

0.00 (0.00, 1.00)

0.00 (0.00, 1.00)

0.00 (0.00, 2.00)

Z = 6.863

< 0.001

Total birth order, M (Q1, Q3)

3.00 (2.00, 5.00)

3.00 (2.00, 5.00)

4.00 (2.00, 5.00)

Z = 8.346

< 0.001

Gestational age, weeks, Mean ± SD

37.62 ± 2.97

37.66 ± 3.00

37.35 ± 2.79

t = 8.75

< 0.001

Newborn sex, n (%)

   

χ2 = 2.426

0.119

 Female

25,891 (49.27)

22,227 (49.41)

3664 (48.45)

  

 Male

26,653 (50.73)

22,754 (50.59)

3899 (51.55)

  

Birth weight, g, Mean ± SD

3061.08 ± 709.21

3061.90 ± 710.49

3056.17 ± 701.57

t = 0.65

0.516

Infertility treatment used, n (%)

   

χ2 = 8.487

0.004

 No

36,783 (70.00)

31,596 (70.24)

5187 (68.58)

  

 Yes

15,761 (30.00)

13,385 (29.76)

2376 (31.42)

  

Pregnancy method, n (%)

   

χ2 = 9.380

0.002

 Natural pregnancy

38,681 (73.62)

33,222 (73.86)

5459 (72.18)

  

 Pregnancy via ART

13,863 (26.38)

11,759 (26.14)

2104 (27.82)

  

Method of delivery, n (%)

   

χ2 = 89.588

< 0.001

 Spontaneous

19,594 (37.29)

17,142 (38.11)

2452 (32.42)

  

 Non-spontaneous

32,950 (62.71)

27,839 (61.89)

5111 (67.58)

  

Preterm birth, n (%)

   

χ2 = 59.518

< 0.001

 No

39,935 (76.00)

34,452 (76.59)

5483 (72.50)

  

 Yes

12,609 (24.00)

10,529 (23.41)

2080 (27.50)

  

  Extremely preterm

689 (1.31)

622 (1.38)

67 (0.89)

  

  Very preterm

1466 (2.79)

1254 (2.79)

212 (2.80)

  

  Moderate or late preterm

10,454 (19.90)

8653 (19.24)

1801 (23.81)

  

NICU admission, n (%)

   

χ2 = 89.877

< 0.001

 No

43,031 (81.90)

37,131 (82.55)

5900 (78.01)

  

 Yes

9513 (18.10)

7850 (17.45)

1663 (21.99)

  

Low birthweight, n (%)

   

χ2 = 4.727

0.030

 No

42,783 (81.42)

36,693 (81.57)

6090 (80.52)

  

 Yes

9761 (18.58)

8288 (18.43)

1473 (19.48)

  

Small for gestational age, n (%)

   

χ2 = 1.721

0.190

 No

47,303 (90.03)

40,526 (90.10)

6777 (89.61)

  

 Yes

5241 (9.97)

4455 (9.90)

786 (10.39)

  
  1. GDM Gestational diabetes mellitus, SD Standard deviation, GED General educational development, AA Associate degree, BMI Body mass index, WIC the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, NICU Neonatal intensive care unit