Variables | Total (n = 52,544) | Pregnant women without GDM (n = 44,981) | Pregnant women with GDM (n = 7563) | Statistics | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal age at delivery, years, Mean ± SD | 46.39 ± 1.63 | 46.40 ± 1.64 | 46.37 ± 1.62 | t = 1.23 | 0.220 |
Race, n (%) | χ2 = 152.230 | < 0.001 | |||
Asian | 7082 (13.48) | 5736 (12.75) | 1346 (17.80) | ||
Black | 8103 (15.42) | 7050 (15.67) | 1053 (13.92) | ||
White | 36,053 (68.61) | 31,103 (69.15) | 4950 (65.45) | ||
Other | 1306 (2.49) | 1092 (2.43) | 214 (2.83) | ||
Education, n (%) | χ2 = 375.705 | < 0.001 | |||
Less than 12 grade | 5975 (11.37) | 4730 (10.52) | 1245 (16.46) | ||
High school/GED | 6920 (13.17) | 5738 (12.76) | 1182 (15.63) | ||
Some college or AA | 10,203 (19.42) | 8631 (19.19) | 1572 (20.79) | ||
Bachelor or higher | 29,446 (56.04) | 25,882 (57.54) | 3564 (47.12) | ||
Pre-pregnancy weight, lb., Mean ± SD | 157.39 ± 35.63 | 156.01 ± 34.77 | 165.63 ± 39.36 | t = − 19.99 | < 0.001 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI, n (%) | χ2 = 914.794 | < 0.001 | |||
Underweight | 926 (1.76) | 844 (1.88) | 82 (1.08) | ||
Normal | 22,601 (43.01) | 20,307 (45.15) | 2294 (30.33) | ||
Overweight | 16,180 (30.79) | 13,781 (30.64) | 2399 (31.72) | ||
Obesity | 12,837 (24.43) | 10,049 (22.34) | 2788 (36.86) | ||
Delivery weight, lb., Mean ± SD | 185.27 ± 36.18 | 184.45 ± 35.49 | 190.15 ± 39.66 | t = −11.72 | < 0.001 |
Weight gain, lb., M (Q1, Q3) | 27.00 (19.00, 36.00) | 28.00 (20.00, 36.00) | 23.00 (15.00, 33.00) | Z = -23.502 | < 0.001 |
Smoking before pregnancy, n (%) | χ2 = 2.218 | 0.136 | |||
No | 51,401 (97.82) | 44,020 (97.86) | 7381 (97.59) | ||
Yes | 1143 (2.18) | 961 (2.14) | 182 (2.41) | ||
Smoking status 1st trimester, n (%) | χ2 = 0.178 | 0.673 | |||
No | 51,671 (98.34) | 44,238 (98.35) | 7433 (98.28) | ||
Yes | 873 (1.66) | 743 (1.65) | 130 (1.72) | ||
Smoking status 2nd trimester, n (%) | χ2 = 0.001 | 0.978 | |||
No | 51,771 (98.53) | 44,319 (98.53) | 7452 (98.53) | ||
Yes | 773 (1.47) | 662 (1.47) | 111 (1.47) | ||
Smoking status 3rd trimester, n (%) | χ2 = 0.004 | 0.947 | |||
No | 51,805 (98.59) | 44,349 (98.59) | 7456 (98.59) | ||
Yes | 739 (1.41) | 632 (1.41) | 107 (1.41) | ||
Hypertension eclampsia, n (%) | χ2 = 5.445 | 0.020 | |||
No | 52,234 (99.41) | 44,730 (99.44) | 7504 (99.22) | ||
Yes | 310 (0.59) | 251 (0.56) | 59 (0.78) | ||
Gestational hypertension, n (%) | χ2 = 346.242 | < 0.001 | |||
No | 46,470 (88.44) | 40,260 (89.50) | 6210 (82.11) | ||
Yes | 6074 (11.56) | 4721 (10.50) | 1353 (17.89) | ||
Pre-pregnancy hypertension, n (%) | χ2 = 320.794 | < 0.001 | |||
No | 49,818 (94.81) | 42,967 (95.52) | 6851 (90.59) | ||
Yes | 2726 (5.19) | 2014 (4.48) | 712 (9.41) | ||
Number of prenatal visits, M (Q1, Q3) | 12.00 (10.00, 14.00) | 12.00 (9.00, 14.00) | 12.00 (10.00, 15.00) | Z = 11.083 | < 0.001 |
WIC, n (%) | χ2 = 279.140 | < 0.001 | |||
No | 41,933 (79.81) | 36,437 (81.01) | 5496 (72.67) | ||
Yes | 10,611 (20.19) | 8544 (18.99) | 2067 (27.33) | ||
Plurality, M (Q1, Q3) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | Z = 0.457 | 0.648 |
Prior birth now living, M (Q1,Q3) | 1.00 (0.00, 3.00) | 1.00 (0.00, 3.00) | 1.00 (0.00, 3.00) | Z = 5.848 | < 0.001 |
Prior birth now dead, Mean ± SD | 0.03 ± 0.28 | 0.03 ± 0.27 | 0.04 ± 0.30 | t = −2.30 | 0.021 |
Prior other terminations, M (Q1, Q3) | 0.00 (0.00, 1.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 1.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 2.00) | Z = 6.863 | < 0.001 |
Total birth order, M (Q1, Q3) | 3.00 (2.00, 5.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 5.00) | 4.00 (2.00, 5.00) | Z = 8.346 | < 0.001 |
Gestational age, weeks, Mean ± SD | 37.62 ± 2.97 | 37.66 ± 3.00 | 37.35 ± 2.79 | t = 8.75 | < 0.001 |
Newborn sex, n (%) | χ2 = 2.426 | 0.119 | |||
Female | 25,891 (49.27) | 22,227 (49.41) | 3664 (48.45) | ||
Male | 26,653 (50.73) | 22,754 (50.59) | 3899 (51.55) | ||
Birth weight, g, Mean ± SD | 3061.08 ± 709.21 | 3061.90 ± 710.49 | 3056.17 ± 701.57 | t = 0.65 | 0.516 |
Infertility treatment used, n (%) | χ2 = 8.487 | 0.004 | |||
No | 36,783 (70.00) | 31,596 (70.24) | 5187 (68.58) | ||
Yes | 15,761 (30.00) | 13,385 (29.76) | 2376 (31.42) | ||
Pregnancy method, n (%) | χ2 = 9.380 | 0.002 | |||
Natural pregnancy | 38,681 (73.62) | 33,222 (73.86) | 5459 (72.18) | ||
Pregnancy via ART | 13,863 (26.38) | 11,759 (26.14) | 2104 (27.82) | ||
Method of delivery, n (%) | χ2 = 89.588 | < 0.001 | |||
Spontaneous | 19,594 (37.29) | 17,142 (38.11) | 2452 (32.42) | ||
Non-spontaneous | 32,950 (62.71) | 27,839 (61.89) | 5111 (67.58) | ||
Preterm birth, n (%) | χ2 = 59.518 | < 0.001 | |||
No | 39,935 (76.00) | 34,452 (76.59) | 5483 (72.50) | ||
Yes | 12,609 (24.00) | 10,529 (23.41) | 2080 (27.50) | ||
Extremely preterm | 689 (1.31) | 622 (1.38) | 67 (0.89) | ||
Very preterm | 1466 (2.79) | 1254 (2.79) | 212 (2.80) | ||
Moderate or late preterm | 10,454 (19.90) | 8653 (19.24) | 1801 (23.81) | ||
NICU admission, n (%) | χ2 = 89.877 | < 0.001 | |||
No | 43,031 (81.90) | 37,131 (82.55) | 5900 (78.01) | ||
Yes | 9513 (18.10) | 7850 (17.45) | 1663 (21.99) | ||
Low birthweight, n (%) | χ2 = 4.727 | 0.030 | |||
No | 42,783 (81.42) | 36,693 (81.57) | 6090 (80.52) | ||
Yes | 9761 (18.58) | 8288 (18.43) | 1473 (19.48) | ||
Small for gestational age, n (%) | χ2 = 1.721 | 0.190 | |||
No | 47,303 (90.03) | 40,526 (90.10) | 6777 (89.61) | ||
Yes | 5241 (9.97) | 4455 (9.90) | 786 (10.39) |