Table 4 multivariable analyses for factors affecting short birth interval (n = 303,979)

Individual level Characteristics

 Educational status of the respondents

  No formal education

72,570

129,776

1

1

  Primary education

32,450

49,728

0.94 (0.92, 0.97)*

0.88(0.86,0 .91)*

  Secondary and higher

8395

11,012

0.96 (0.91, 1.01)

0.10 (0.09,0.11)*

 Occupation of respondents

  Not working

23,173

44,479

1

1

  Working

84,058

132,891

0.83 (0.81, 0.85)*

0.91 (0.88, 0.93)*

 Wealth index

  Poor

47,572

86,672

1

1

  Middle

23,707

40,784

0.98 (0.95, 1.01)

0.96 (0.93, 0.99)

  Rich

42,184

63,061

0.90 (0.88, 0.93)*

0.90 (0.88, 0.93)*

 Media exposure

  No

43,482

83,025

1

1

  Yes

69,683

106,788

0.85 (0.83, 0.87)*

1.01 (0.98, 1.04)

 Ideal number of children

  Less than 6

35,011

45,520

1

1

  6 and above

78,452

144,997

1.41 (1.37, 1.45)*

2.25 (2.22, 2.30)*

 Preferred waiting time to birth

  Less than 2 years

24,378

41,617

1

1

  2 and above years

34,099

58,284

1.02 (0.99, 1.05)

0.83 (0.76, 0.89)*

 Contraceptive use

  Yes

20,244

29,473

1

1

  No

93,219

161,044

1.01 (0.98, 1.05)

3.01 (2.93, 3.07)*

Community level variables

 Community level education

  Educated

72,570

129,776

1

1

  uneducated

40,892

60,741

1.13 (1.08, 1.17)*

1.97 (1.54, 2.08)*

 Community level Poverty

  Low

59,861

95,145

1

1

  High

53,597

95,365

1.06 (1.02, 1.10)*

1.00 (0.96, 1.04)

 Residency

  Urban

32,603

45,080

1

1

  Rural

80,860

145,436

1.26 (1.24, 1.29)*

2.17 (2.13, 2.22)*

 Country

  Angola

1985

3006

1

1

  Burkina Faso

18,620

20,433

0.66 (0.62, 0.71)*

0.59 (0.53, 1.01)

  Burundi

9712

13,851

0.87 (0.81, 0.92)*

0.93 (0.83, 1.05)

  Chad

12,660

31,651

1.57 (1.47, 1.67)*

1.37 (1.22, 1.54)*

  DR Congo

10,619

17,940

1.08 (1.01, 1.15)*

1.08 (0.96, 1.21)

  Gambia

9092

10,117

0.79 (0.74, 0.85)*

0.70 (0.63, 1 .12)

  Mali

9482

15,797

1.05 (0.98, 1.12)

0.91 (0.81, 1.03)

  Nigeria

30,110

54,114

1.15 (1.08, 1.22)*

1.10 (0.98, 1.23)

  Niger

11,182

23,607

1.30 (1.22, 1.39)*

1.09 (0.97, 1.22)

Random effect results

Model 0

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Variance (%)

61.35

47.29

17.34

11.32

ICC (%)

14.76

14.01

11.28

9.50

MOR

20.25

17.78

10.76

8.70

PCV

Ref

22.9

71.7

81.5

Deviance(-2LLR)

159,672

143,450

134,576

113,268