Afghan women’s empowerment and antenatal care utilization: a population-based cross-sectional study

Table 2 Logistic regression odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the relationship between women’s empowerment and antenatal care utilization^a (n = 11,056)

	4 ANC visits (n = 2015,18.8%)	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	p-value	Adjusted OR^b (95% CI)	p-value
Capability
Education
No Education	1407 (15.5)	1 (Reference category)		1 (Reference category)
Primary	234 (26.0)	1.91 (1.33, 2.73)	< 0.001	1.67 (1.02, 2.72)	0.04
Secondary	268 (38.8)	3.45 (2.17, 5.49)	< 0.001	2.43 (1.25, 4.70)	0.01
Higher	106 (51.5)	5.77 (2.36, 14.13)	< 0.001	3.03 (1.30, 7.07)	0.01
Literacy	550 (34.4)	2.77 (1.89, 4.08)	< 0.001	0.66 (0.40, 1.09)	0.11
Access to resources
Employment	182 (16.8)	0.86 (0.64, 1.15)	0.30	0.76 (0.57, 1.01)	0.06
Access to information^c (mean, SE)	1.22 (0.03)	1.83 (1.60, 2.09)	< 0.001	1.38 (1.24, 1.54)	< 0.001
Asset ownership^d	791 (15.9)	0.72 (0.58, 0.90)	0.003	0.72 (0.56, 0.92)	0.01
Security
Domestic violence^e	824 (17.5)	0.83 (0.67, 1.03)	0.09	1.09 (0.87, 1.35)	0.45
Perception toward violence^f (mean, SE)	2.6 (0.1)	1.07 (1.02, 1.13)	0.01	1.00 (0.95, 1.06)	0.90
Decision-making and power
Decision-making^g (mean, SE)	2.1 (0.1)	1.19 (1.11, 1.28)	< 0.001	1.16 (1.08, 1.24)	< 0.001

^aAntenatal care utilization is defined by antenatal care visits ≥4
^bAdjusted for maternal age, partner/husband’s educational level, region, ethnicity, wealth index, access to transportation, and perceived barriers to medical care
^cThe percentage/number of those who read newspaper, listen to radio, and watch television compared to those who do not
^dOwns house or land alone or jointly
^eExperienced any physical violence
^fScales ranging from 0 to 5 with greater numbers indicating more disagreement with itemized physical domestic violence
^gScales ranging from 0 to 4 with greater numbers indicating more decisions made alone or jointly

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