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Table 2 Mistreatment of women during childbirth across five facilities in the oPt based on the community survey

From: Exploring women’s experiences during childbirth in health facilities during COVID-19 pandemic in occupied palestinian territory: a cross-sectional community survey

 

Gaza

West Bank

Total

p -value

Any physical abuse, verbal abuse, or stigma or discrimination

62(23·0%)

78(16·4%)

140(18·8%)

0·019

Any physical abuse

14(5·2%)

11(2·3%)

25 (3·4%)

0·032

Any verbal abuse

54(20·0%)

70 (14·7%)

124(16·6)

0·041

Any stigma or discrimination

1(0·4%)

4(0·8%)

5(0·7%)

0·404

Failure to meet professional standard

 Caesarean section (N=745)

68(25·2%)

135(28·4%)

203(27·2%)

0·193

 Non-consented Caesarean section (N=203)

25(36·7%)

41(30·3%)

65(32·1%)

0·32

 Episiotomyb (N=251)

103(38·0%)

148(57·5%)

251(33·6%)

0·373

 Non-consented Episiotomy (N=251)

59(57·2%)

117(69·6%)

176(64·9%)

0·001

 Induction of labour (N=700)

49(20·1%)

91(20·0%)

140(20%)

0·521

 Non-consented Induction of labour (N=140)

41(83·7)

76(83·5%)

117(83·5%)

0·814

Vaginal examination

 Woman had any vaginal examination

228(84·0%)

402(84·6%)

630(84·4%)

0·521

 Non-consented vaginal examination

118(51·7%)

269(66·9%)

387(61·4%)

0·002

 Vaginal examination conducted privately

193(84·6%)

369(91·8%)

562(89·2%)

0·005

 Discussed your health information privately

162(71·7%)

331(82·5%)

493(78·6%)

0·001

General description of experience of vaginal examinations

 Comfortable

87(38·2%)

91(22·7%)

178(28·3%)

 

 A little uncomfortable

91(39·9%)

157(38·9%)

248(39·3%)

<0·001

 Quite uncomfortable

35(15·4%)

99(24·7%)

134(21·3%)

 

 Very uncomfortable

15(6·6%)

55(13·7%)

70(11·1%)

 

Pain relief

 Woman not offered pain relief during time in hospital

198(73·6%)

280(59·2%)

487(64·4%)

<0·001

 Woman requested pain relief

110(40·7%)

274(57·8%)

384(51·5%)

<0·001

 Woman did not receive pain relief

98 (89·1%)

109(39·8%)

187(48·7%)

<0·001

 Woman denied pain relief during time in hospital

59(22·3%)

53(11·2%)

112(15·2%)

<0·001

Neglect and abandonment

 No staff member present when the baby came out b

15·0(7.6%)

40(11·9%)

55(10·1%)

0·074

 Woman waited for long periods of time before attended by health workers

101(38·1%)

141(29·7%)

244(32·8%)

·011

 Woman felt ignored, neglected, or that presence was a nuisance for health workers or staff

86(31·8%)

88(18·6%)

174(23·4%)

<0·001

Communication

 Woman felt that health workers or staff did not listen and respond to her concern

144(54·5%)

344(73·7%)

488(65·5%)

<0·001

Supportive care

 Woman not allowed to have labour companion during labour process

60(22·3%)

38(8·0%)

98(13·2%)

0·001

 Companion not present at any time and birth

9(3·3%)

44(9·3%)

53(7·1%)

<0·001

Autonomy

 Woman did not have easy access to water or oral fluids during labour

121(48·6%)

149(33·5)

270(38·9%)

<0·001

 Not allowed to eat b)

9(4·5%0

21(6·2%)

30(5·6%)

0·271

 Woman not told she could mobilise during labour, and did not mobilise during labour

105(39·2%)

115(24·2%)

220(29·6%)

0·389

 Woman not allowed to deliver in her preferred position

2(12·5%)

8(35·3%)

8(24·2%)

0·186

 Woman or baby detained in hospital because of inability to pay hospital bills

2(0·7%)

1(0·2%)

3(0·4%)

0·299

Health systems

 Woman instructed to clean up blood, urine, faeces, or amniotic fluid

8(2·6%)

28(5·7%)

36(4·7%)

0·036

 Staff suggested or asked the woman or companion for a bribe, informal payment, or gifta

160(59·7%)

9(1·9%)

169(22·3%)

<0·001

 Curtains, partitions, or other measures used to provide privacy for the woman throughout labour, childbirth, and post-partum periods

251(93·7%)

440(92·6%)

691(93·0%)

0·357

  1. aAsking for a gift for the celebration
  2. bNumber of women with vaginal birth, N=542